Inclusion criteria | Presence of low back pain, lower limb pain, or intermittent claudication |
Imaging showed single-segment lumbar spinal stenosis Failure of conservative treatment Good condition and can tolerate general anesthesia surgery | |
Exclusion criteria | Previous surgery at the lumbar spine Segment instability (spondylolisthesis > 5 mm or translation > 3 mm) Lumbar kyphosis or scoliosis deformity Combined with mental illness or spinal tumor Pregnant patients Incomplete follow-up information |