Table 2 Results of bias risk assessment in included case–control studies
Study | Selection | Comparability | Exposure | Scores | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adequate definition of cases | Representativeness of cases | Selection of controls | Definition of controls | Control for important factor | Ascertainment of exposure | Same methods of ascertainment for cases and controls | Non-response rate | ||
Amanullah 2022 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
Boeckenfoerde 2022 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
Chen 2019 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
Chen J 2021 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
Clément 2021 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
Ferrero 2018 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Ghailane 2017 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Helgeson 2010 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Hu 2022 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Kim 2007 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Kim 2021 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
Li 2020 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
Lonner 2017 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Ogura 2021 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Pahys 2018 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
Wang 2020 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
Wang J 2020 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
Zhao 2018 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Zhou 2021 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 |