Table 1 Comparisons of clinical and preoperative radiographic characteristics between patients with and without sagittal imbalance syndrome
Variables | With sagittal imbalance syndrome (n = 54) | Without sagittal imbalance syndrome (n = 160) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 66.1 ± 3.9 | 62.3 ± 4.2 | 0.007 |
Gender distribution | Female: 40; Male: 14 | Female: 101; Male: 59 | 0.142† |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 2.5 | 26.4 ± 1.6 | 0.303 |
Bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 1.092 ± 0.084 | 1.101 ± 0.091 | 0.321 |
Spinopelvic measurements | |||
Thoracic kyphosis (°) | 12.3 ± 5.0 | 28.7 ± 4.1 | < 0.001 |
Thoracolumbar kyphosis (°) | 16.7 ± 6.2 | 7.0 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 |
Lumbar lordosis (°) | 10.2 ± 7.0 | 34.6 ± 5.2 | < 0.001 |
Pelvic incidence (°) | 49.0 ± 3.9 | 48.3 ± 4.8 | 0.596 |
Pelvic tilt (°) | 29.5 ± 4.3 | 17.2 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
Sacral slope (°) | 19.7 ± 3.5 | 32.3 ± 6.3 | < 0.001 |
Pelvic incidence–lumbar lordosis (°) | 40.1 ± 4.7 | 15.0 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 |
Sagittal vertical axis (mm) | 115.9 ± 13.5 | 111.2 ± 18.5 | 0.088 |
T1 Pelvic angle (°) | 28.8 ± 2.9 | 22.3 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
Lumbar and muscle degeneration evaluations | |||
Disk | 2.87 ± 0.15 | 3.07 ± 0.20 | 0.132 |
Facet | 2.17 ± 0.13 | 2.34 ± 0.11 | 0.082 |
Muscle/disk ratio | 1.34 ± 0.12 | 1.43 ± 0.12 | 0.159 |
Muscle fat infiltration (%) | 35.3 ± 3.8 | 19.5 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 |
Health-related quality of life | |||
Visual analogue scale (point) | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 0.001 |
Oswestry disability index (%) | 55.3 ± 5.4 | 25.5 ± 4.3 | < 0.001 |