Fig. 3

Periostin triggers the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of SMSCs. si-Periostin was transfected into the SMSCs of the TWIST1^+/− group. A Western blot assays were used to assess Periostin protein expression in the SMSCs across the different groups. B Colony formation assays were conducted to evaluate the proliferative capacity of SMSCs. C EdU assays were utilized to further quantify the proliferation of SMSCs. D Wound healing assays were carried out to measure the wound closure rate of SMSCs. E ALP staining was employed to determine the ALP activity in SMSCs. F ARS staining was used to observe calcium deposition in SMSCs. G Western blot analysis was conducted to assess the expression levels of Ki-67, RUNX2, and OPN in SMSCs. Data were represented as mean ± SD (N = 3). * P < 0.05