Fig. 1

Broad indicators and chemical composition. A Structural formula of icariin. Comparison of body weight (B), blood glucose (C), and blood ketone levels (D) across different groups. No significant differences were observed in body weight and blood glucose among the sham, KD, and KD + icariin groups. However, ketone body levels were notably higher in these groups. Data were presented as means and standard deviations, with a *P < 0.05 difference compared to the sham group