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Table 4 Types of scaffolds

From: The use of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage repair and regeneration: a systematic review

Number of studies using types of scaffold

Natural

Synthetic

Hybrid

Growth factor combined

None used

47

14

22

6

29

Scaffold

No. of studies

References

Types of scaffolds used

Natural scaffolds

 Type I collagen hydrogel

6

[185, 190, 211, 226, 241, 251]

 Agarose hydrogel

4

[53, 247, 248, 268]

 Alginate bead

3

[223, 231, 271]

 Fibrin hydrogel

3

[208, 211, 263]

 Silk fibroin

3

[198, 216, 256]

 Chitosan microspheres

2

[260, 262]

 Hyaluronic acid

2

[195, 237]

 Cartilage-derived matrix

2

[193, 238]

 K-carrageenan

2

[169, 199]

 Chitosan

2

[168, 216]

 Hyaluronic acid hydrogel

2

[164, 245]

 Gelatin-based scaffold

2

[176, 233]

 Devitalised cartilage ECM

1

[220]

 Bead in bead alginate polysaccharide capsules

1

[221]

 Atelocollagen gel

1

[225]

 Fibrin disk

1

[254]

 Methacrylated hyaluronic acid

1

[164]

 Gelatin microspheres

1

[260]

 Decellularised cell matrix

1

[191]

 Collagen type I microspheres

1

[52]

 Alginate microbeads

1

[266]

 Alginate disks

1

[270]

 Platelet rich plasma

1

[242]

 Free oligosaccharide chondroitin sulphate C

1

[205]

 Collagen type I sponge

1

[237]

 3D printed chitosan

1

[181]

Synthetic scaffolds

 Polycaprolactone

3

[197, 207, 209]

 PLGA

3

[194, 204, 257]

 Polylactic acid

2

[230, 232]

 PVA

1

[244]

 PGA

1

[178]

 Poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolide

1

[194]

 Polylactide-co-caprolactone

1

[214]

 GFOGER modified PEG hydrogel

1

[183]

 OPF hydrogel

1

[240]

Hybrid scaffolds

 Fibrin–polurethane hydrogel

4

[50, 188, 192, 267]

 Esterified hyaluronan and gelatin polymer

2

[212, 255]

 TruFit CB (PLGA, calcium sulphate and polycolide)

1

[187]

 PCL–HA bilayer

1

[243]

 PEGDG–crosslinked hyaluronic acid

1

[202]

 Polylactic acid–alginate

1

[232]

 Sodium alginate–hyaluronic acid

1

[189]

 Chitosan–collagen type I

1

[258]

 Polyvinylalcohol–polycaprolactone

1

[246]

 Tricalcium phosphate-collagen-hyaluronan

1

[180]

 Poly-L-lactic acid–hydroxyapatite

1

[215]

 Collagen type I–polylactic acid

1

[217]

 Polylactic acid–polyglycolic acid with fibrin

1

[261]

 Collagen–polyglycolic acid

1

[252]

 Chondroitin sulphate C–collagen type II

1

[236]

 Fibrin hydrogel with chondroitin sulphate

1

[263]

 Chitosan-demineralised bone matrix

1

[239]

 Alginate foam-chondroitin sulphate

1

[170]

Growth factor combined with scaffolds

 TGF-β1-loaded microspheres with chitosan microspheres

1

[262]

 TGF-β1 releasing chitosan-collagen hydrogel

1

[174]

 PEOT/PBT TGF-β1 loaded scaffolds

1

[173]

 TGF-β1-activated chitosan/gelatin

1

[249]

 PLGA nanospheres with TGF-β1

1

[172]

 TGF-β1 loaded Gelatin Microspheres

1

[175]

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Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

ISSN: 1749-799X