Fig. 1

AMPK mediated the synovioprotective effect of l-carnitine in an LPS-stimulated FLS model. a HE and anti-vimentin immunostaining of FLS for cell identification. b The cell viability of l-carnitine on FLS. c Toxicity was detected by LDH. d ELISA measurement of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels in the supernatant. e Immunostaining shows that pAMPK is increased after l-carnitine administration (× 630 magnification). f ATP detection shows that l-carnitine can replenish ATP levels. g Immunoblot analysis of AMPK, pAMPK, ACC, and pACC. h Real-time PCR data of AMPK and ACC. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). ns, not significant. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001