Table 3 Definitions, incidence, and risk factors for development of postoperative acute kidney injury

Aeng [17]

KDIGO

Cr increase ≥ 50% from baseline within 7 days of surgery

10 (20)

Premanufactured ACS

8.2 (1.1–60)

NR

NR

Intraoperative Transfusion

32.5 (2.3–454)

Postoperative NSAIDs

23.0 (1.3–398)

Berliner [18]

KDIGO > 50% Cr increase from baseline (within 30 days preoperatively) to ≥ 1.4 mg/dL

11 (15)

Lower preoperative hemoglobin

1.82 (1.12–2.96)

Lower preoperative hemoglobin*

 − 3.0 (− 0.01 to − 0.1)

Dagneaux [19]

KDIGO

Stage 1: Cr ≥ 1.5 times baseline or increase of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL within 48 h period

Stage 2: Cr ≥ 2 times baseline

Stage 3: Cr ≥ 3 times baseline or increase to ≥ 4.0 mg/dL or acute dialysis

81 (19)

Without preexisting CKD: n = 52 (14)

With preexisting CKD: n = 29 (45)

Without preexisting CKD

Hypertension

0.17 (0.04–0.19)

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²

1.9 (1.1–3.5)

Perioperative hypovolemia

0.28 (0.16–0.33)

Hypertension

3.3 (1.7–6.5)

Acute atrial fibrillation

0.13 (0.05–0.37)

Inflammatory arthritis

2.7 (1.3–5.4)

Non-articulating spacer

4.3 (1.1–18.4)

 > 3.6 g/batch vancomycin

2.7 (1.4–5.3)

 > 3.6 g/batch aminoglycosides

2.4 (1.3–4.6)

Perioperative hypovolemia

5.1 (2.8–9.4)

ICU requirement

9 (1.6–58.9)

Acute atrial fibrillation

3.6 (1.4–9.5)

Urinary tract infection

8.7 (1.9–39.9)

With preexisting CKD

Diabetes

4.7 (1.6–13.7)

Hydronephrosis

0.4 (0.3–0.5)

Postoperative hypovolemia

3.4 (1.3–9.1)

Dagneaux [20]

KDIGO

Stage 1: Cr ≥ 1.5 times baseline or increase of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL within 48 h period

Stage 2: Cr ≥ 2 times baseline

Stage 3: Cr ≥ 3 times baseline or increase to ≥ 4.0 mg/dL or acute dialysis

23 (10)

Without preexisting CKD: n = 13 (7)

With preexisting CKD: n = 10 (28)

Without preexisting CKD

No significant predictors of AKI on multivariate regression

NR

Diabetes

3.7 (1.1–13.2)

Inflammatory rheumatism

4.3 (1.1–17.4)

Chronic NSAID use

5.1 (1.6–16)

Nephrotoxic agents

7.2 (2.1–24.5)

Postoperative hypovolemia

7.4 (2.2–25.3)

ICU requirement

24.1 (5.8–100.5)

Acute atrial fibrillation

87.5 (8.8–865)

With preexisting CKD

Prostatic disease/surgery

8.7 (1.7–44.9)

Bladder tumor/surgery

9.3 (0.8–101.3)

Postoperative hypovolemia

6.7 (1.4–30.6)

Edelstein [21]

RIFLE

Risk: increase in Cr 1.5 times baseline or decrease in GFR of 25%

Injury: increase in Cr 2 times baseline or decrease in GFR of 50%

Failure: increase in Cr 3 times baseline or decrease in GFR of 75%

Loss of kidney function: complete loss of kidney function for > 4 weeks

10 (27)

No significant predictors of AKI on univariate regression

NR

No significant predictors of AKI on multivariate regression

NR

Geller [22]

KDIGO

Cr ≥ 1.5 times baseline within one week or increase of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL within 48 h period

65 (26)

Age

NR

BMI

1.1 (1.0–1.1)

Male gender

Baseline hemoglobin (per 1 g/dL decrease)

0.7 (0.5–1.0)

BMI

Comorbid condition (including one of diabetes mellitus, CKD, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension)

2.7 (1.3–5.6)

Baseline hemoglobin (per 1 g/dL decrease)

Hemoglobin drop

Vancomycin dose

Tobramycin dose

Comorbid condition (including one of diabetes mellitus, CKD, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension)

IV vancomycin

Menge [23]

KDIGO

Increase of ≥ 50% in Cr from preoperative baseline (within 30 days of ACS placement) to a level ≥ 1.4 mg/dL

14 (17)

 > 4 g vancomycin

6.0 (1.3–27)

NR

NR

 > 4.8 g tobramycin

5.9 (1.4–24)

Theil [24]

KDIGO

Stage 1: Cr ≥ 1.5–1.9 times baseline or increase of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL

Stage 2: Cr ≥ 2–2.9 times baseline

Stage 3: Cr ≥ 3 times baseline or acute dialysis requirement

95 (33)

Higher median patient age

NR

Higher age

1.0 (1.0–1.1)

Higher median Charlson comorbidity index

Higher baseline creatinine

1.9 (1.2–3.1)

Lower preoperative hemoglobin

Higher median number of units of blood transfused