Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the research population based on lumbar spine BMD quartiles

Demographics

Age (years)

41.16 ± 20.99

38.96 ± 17.06

37.30 ± 15.79

40.17 ± 15.43

< 0.001

Gender

Male

1041 (46.42%)

1093 (48.06%)

1150 (51.03%)

1226 (53.67%)

< 0.001

Female

1202 (53.58%)

1181 (51.94%)

1103 (48.97%)

1058 (46.33%)

Race/ethnicity (%)

< 0.001

Non-hispanic white

279 (12.42%)

266 (11.70%)

212 (9.41%)

155 (6.80%)

Non-hispanic black

364 (16.23%)

314 (13.79%)

230 (10.20%)

220 (9.63%)

Mexican American

1465 (65.33%)

1517 (66.72%)

1562 (69.34%)

1524 (66.73%)

Another race

135 (6.02%)

177 (7.79%)

249 (11.05%)

385 (16.84%)

Level of education (%)

< 0.001

Less than high school Grade

339 (15.13%)

410 (18.04%)

339 (15.04%)

310 (13.58%)

High school grade

410 (18.27%)

416 (18.30%)

409 (18.16%)

509 (22.30%)

More than high school Grade

891 (39.19%)

1082 (47.56%)

1185 (52.61%)

1276 (55.86%)

Missing

593 (26.41%)

366 (16.10%)

320 (14.19%)

189 (8.26%)

Examination and questionnaire data

Alcohol consumption (%)

< 0.001

Nondrinker

1108 (49.37%)

1381 (60.72%)

1499 (66.53%)

1634 (71.55%)

Low to moderate drinker

462 (20.61%)

417 (18.36%)

375 (16.65%)

364 (15.94%)

Heavy drinker

673 (30.01%)

476 (20.92%)

379 (16.82%)

286 (12.51%)

Smoking status (%)

< 0.001

Current

762 (33.94%)

852 (37.45%)

841 (37.31%)

942 (41.26%)

Never

897 (40.01%)

1057 (46.50%)

1091 (48.43%)

1153 (50.47%)

Former

584 (26.05%)

365 (16.05%)

321 (14.25%)

189 (8.27%)

BMI (kg/m²)

24.50 ± 5.28

26.34 ± 5.34

27.65 ± 5.61

29.19 ± 5.54

< 0.001

Laboratory indices

HbA1c (%)

5.49 ± 0.70

5.44 ± 0.73

5.45 ± 0.77

5.53 ± 0.84

< 0.001

Albumin (g/dL)

4.35 ± 0.30

4.35 ± 0.30

4.32 ± 0.32

4.29 ± 0.32

< 0.001

Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)

12.40 ± 4.74

12.26 ± 4.33

12.11 ± 4.31

12.44 ± 4.71

0.049

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

191.32 ± 45.17

192.15 ± 40.66

189.81 ± 40.15

190.53 ± 38.90

0.243

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

135.83 ± 109.39

141.39 ± 118.63

139.73 ± 107.48

153.65 ± 132.44

< 0.001

Total calcium (mg/dL)

9.52 ± 0.36

9.49 ± 0.36

9.50 ± 0.36

9.41 ± 0.36

< 0.001

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.79 ± 0.32

0.84 ± 0.26

0.86 ± 0.33

0.89 ± 0.31

< 0.001

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.05 ± 1.25

5.34 ± 1.36

5.37 ± 1.35

5.54 ± 1.37

< 0.001

Phosphorus (mg/dL)

4.07 ± 0.69

3.83 ± 0.60

3.81 ± 0.59

3.73 ± 0.56

< 0.001

Lymphocyte number (1000 cells/uL)

2.13 ± 0.67

2.15 ± 0.65

2.15 ± 0.65

2.18 ± 1.11

0.306

Monocyte number (1000 cells/uL)

0.54 ± 0.17

0.55 ± 0.19

0.55 ± 0.18

0.55 ± 0.18

0.041

Segmented neutrophils number (1000 cells/uL)

3.90 ± 1.55

4.14 ± 1.58

4.21 ± 1.76

4.27 ± 1.81

< 0.001

Red blood cell count (million cells/uL)

4.66 ± 0.45

4.71 ± 0.47

4.72 ± 0.49

4.72 ± 0.46

< 0.001

Hb (g/dL)

14.22 ± 1.32

14.41 ± 1.44

14.37 ± 1.50

14.36 ± 1.49

< 0.001

PLT count (1000 cells/uL)

260.48 ± 69.65

254.65 ± 63.66

254.96 ± 62.24

254.02 ± 63.27

0.004

Inflammatory markers

MLR

0.27 ± 0.10

0.27 ± 0.11

0.27 ± 0.11

0.27 ± 0.11

0.604

NLR

1.97 ± 1.00

2.06 ± 0.98

2.11 ± 1.13

2.12 ± 1.02

< 0.001

PLR

132.36 ± 52.53

127.24 ± 46.86

128.37 ± 47.16

127.11 ± 47.22

< 0.001