Table 3 Injury characteristics

Moran et al. [27]

Back 33,3%

Knee 20%

Wrist 13.3%

Male sex (+); Previous injury (+); Asymmetry on the FMS (+); Previous experience of Olympic lifting and/or gymnastics (−); Coaching exposure (−); Age (−); BMI (−)

15 ± 24 days

Any physical complaint that was sustained during CrossFit training that resulted in a participant being unable to take a full part in future CrossFit training (i.e. a “time-loss” definition)

Larsen et al. [32]

Back 25%

Knee 21.4%

Elbow/Hand 17.9%

Sex (−); Age (−); BMI (−); Exercise prior HIFT/Crossfit (−)

–

Pain, soreness, stiffness or swelling

Feito et al. [20]

–

 < 3 days/week more injuries (+); < 6 months experience training (+); Age (−); Sex (−)

–

Any muscle, tendon, bone, joint, or ligament injury sustained while doing CrossFit that resulted in your consultation with a physician, or healthcare provider AND caused you to stop or reduce your usual physical activity, your typical participation in CrossFit, or caused you to have surgery

Weisenthal et al. [61]

Shoulder 25%

Back14.2%

Knee 13%

Not supervision (+); Male sex (+);

–

Any new musculoskeletal pain, feeling, or injury that results from a CrossFit workout and leads to 1 or more of the following options: Total removal from CrossFit training and other outside routine physical activities for > 1 week; Modification of normal training activities in duration, intensity, or mode for > 2 weeks; Any physical complaint severe enough to warrant a visit to a health professional

Montalvo et al. [22]

Shoulder 22.6%

Knee 16.1%

Back 12.9%

Competitor (+); Physical active outside Crossfit (+); Sex (−); Fitness level before Crossfit (−); Warm up (−); Cool down (−)

–

Any physical damage to a body part that caused them to miss or modify one or more training sessions or hindered activities of daily living

Feito et al. [17]

Shoulders 39%

Back 36%

Knees 15%

 > 3 years experience training (+); Male sex (+)

–

Any muscle, tendon, bone, joint, or ligament injury sustained while doing CrossFit that resulted in your consultation with a physician, or health care provider, AND caused you to stop or reduce your usual physical activity, your typical participation in CrossFit, or caused you to have surgery

Szeles et al. [18]

Shoulders 19%

Back 15%

Knees 11.7%

Previous injury (+); Quality of movement (+); Alternating Rx/scaled (+); Protective equipment (−); Stretching exercises (−); Sex (−); Preventive exercises (−); Practice of other sports (−)

Injury is defined as any musculoskeletal injury or pain (in joints, bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles) that prevented an athlete from exercising for at least 1 day

Alekseyev et al. [62]

Back 32.2%

Shoulder 20.79%

Knee 17%

Sex (−); > 1 year experience training (+); > 9 h training/week; Stretch before exercise (+)

–

–

Aune and Powers [25]

Shoulders 15%

Back 12%

Knees 12%

–

–

–

Teixeira et al. [44]

Shoulder 36.6%

Back 19.5%

Knee 12.2%

Competitor national level (+); > 2 years practice time (+); Sex (−); Objective (−); Exercise before Crossfit (−); Physical active outside Crossfit (−); Category (−)

−

Any pain or injury that has impaired the life routine or modified the participant’s training sessions

Toledo et al. [63]

Shoulder

Wrist

Ankle

Sex (−); Experience training (+); < 3 training/week for women (+)

Any damage sustained during training that prevented the participant from training, working, or competing in any way and for any period

Tafuri et al. [55]

Experience time (+); Clean ceiling (+); Previous injury (+); On-ramp course (+)

22.6 ± 31 days

Cheng et al. [64]

Back 88%

Shoulder 84%

Wrist 62%

Previous injury (+); Sex (−); nonaffiliated (+); Experience training (−); Fitness level (−); BMI (−); Age (−)

–

An injury was defined as a new musculoskeletal pain, sensation, or discomfort that resulted in any of the following26: Total removal from CrossFit training and other outside routine physical activities for > 1 week; Modification of normal training activities in duration, intensity, or mode for > 2 weeks; Any physical complaint severe enough to warrant a visit to a health professional

Escalante et al. [65]

Back 18.1%

Knee 12.5%

Wrist 10.2%

–

–

An injury that met one of the following criteria within the last 12 months of CrossFit® participation: required the individual to seek a healthcare professional to diagnose/treat the injury; modification of normal training activities for more than two weeks; total removal from CrossFit® and other physical activity for more than one week; or any injury that required loss of time from employment. The survey also asked about injury location as well as the diagnosis (if applicable), severity, time lost from training, and history of a related injury

Mehrab et al. [66]

Shoulders 28.7%

Back 15.8%

Knees 8.3%

 < 6 months experience training (+); Sex (−); BMI (−); Participation in other sports (−); Warmup (−)

–

Any new musculoskeletal pain, feeling, or discomfort as a result of a CrossFit workout that met 1 of the following criteria: Total removal from CrossFit training and other outside routine physical activities for > 1 week; Modification of normal training activities in duration, intensity, or mode for > 2 weeks; Any physical complaint severe enough to warrant a visit to a health professional

Tawfik et al. [30]

–

–

–

A CrossFit related injury was defined as any of the following which occurred as the result of CrossFit training: (1) inability to train for greater than one week; (2) needing to modify training duration, activity, or intensity for greater than two weeks; (3) any complaint that led to a doctor visit

Hak et al. [45]

–

–

–

–

Elkin et al. [33]

Shoulder 46.41%

Back 38.28%

Hip 9.09%

–

Siewe et al. [56]

Shoulder 16.3%

Back 15.1%;

Lower extremity 13.9%

–

Most injuries had a mild (39%) to moderate (39%) effect (severity) on training, meaning that the lifters only had to make relatively minor modifications to the prescribe

An incident leading to an interruption in training or competition. The fourth part focused on general disorders, and finally the fifth part assessed parameters regarding life style, nutrition, and medical therapy

Strömbäck et al. [39]

Lobopelvic area 31.5%

Hip 27.4%

Shoulder 26%

Personal best in the deadlift (+); alcohol ingestion (+); Male sex (+); Frequency training (−)

–

A condition of pain or impairment of bodily function that affected powerlifters’ training

Keogh et al. [40]

Shoulder 36% Back 24%

–

–

Any physical damage to the body that caused the lifter to miss or modify one or more training sessions or to miss a competition

Surakka et al. [19]

Thigh 37% Ankle 19%

Knee 19%

–

–

–

Little et al. [67]

–

Injury is defined as a self–reported muscle, tendon, bone, ligament, or joint injury?

Kim et al. [68]

–

–

–

–

Winwood et al. [52]

Back 24% Shoulder 21% Biceps 11%

 < 30 years old (+); > 105 kg (+)

Moderate 47%; Mild 33%; Major 20%

Any “physical damage to the body that caused the strongman athlete to miss or modify one or more training sessions or miss a competition”

Junge et al. [69]

–

–

–

Any musculoskeletal complaint (traumatic and overuse) newly incurred due to competition and/or training during the XXIXth Olympiad in Beijing that received medical attention regardless of the consequences with respect to absence from competition or training

Calhoon et al. [57]

Back

Shoulder

–

 < 7 days

Injury classifications were acute, chronic, recurrent, or complication. Acute injuries are "injuries with rapid onset due to a traumatic episode, but with short duration."6 A chronic injury is "an injury with long onset and duration."6 A recurring injury involves recovery and reinjury for a particular condition

Raske and Norlin [70]

Shoulder

Back

–

–

An inability to train or compete as planned because of symptoms