nRCT Study = 15 | Bias due to Confounding | Bias in Selection of Participants | Bias in Measurement of Interventions | Bias due to Departures from Intended Interventions | Bias due to Missing Data | Bias in Measurement of Outcomes | Bias in Selection of the Reported Result | Overall Bias |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elmalı et al. [18] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | No information | Low | Moderate |
Krause et al. [20] | Low | Low | No information | Low | Low | Low | Low | No information |
Hoon et al. [19] | Low | Moderate | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
Hinterwimmer et al. [29] | No information | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Longino et al. (2013) | Low | Low | No information | Low | No information | Low | No information | Low |
Gooi et al. [25] | No information | No information | Critical | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Horikawa et al. [13] | No information | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Gaasbeek et al. [12] | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | No information | Low | Low |
Ogawa et al. [24] | Critical | No information | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low |
Liu et al. [23] | Low | Critical | Moderate | Moderate | No information | Low | No information | No information |
Chen [21] | Low | No information | Low | Low | Low | Critical | Low | Low |
Jianchun et al. [28] | Low | Critical | Low | Low | Low | No information | Low | Low |
Zhang et al. [26] | Moderate | Low | No information | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Zhang et al. [27] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Critical | Low |
Du et al. [22] | No information | No information | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Critical |