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Table 4 Comparisons of demographic and spinal sagittal parameters among three groups

From: The ratio of cervical lordosis to C7 slope represents the reciprocal change between cervical sagittal alignment and global spinal alignment

Variables

Balance (n = 101)

Hidden imbalance (n = 90)

Imbalance (n = 64)

P

Demographic parameters

Age (years)

64.18 ± 9.78

63.47 ± 8.90

66.67 ± 8.62

0.092

Male/Female (n/n)

30/71

35/55

25/39

0.318

Cervical parameters

CBVA (°)

0.74 ± 6.06

− 0.10 ± 5.84

− 0.52 ± 6.50

0.395

OC2 (°)

21.84 ± 8.05BC

24.08 ± 8.71AC

18.27 ± 9.03AB

 < 0.001**

CL (°)

15.37 ± 8.93BC

11.01 ± 8.2AC

25.05 ± 5.21AB

 < 0.001**

C7S (°)

22.10 ± 5.61C

21.47 ± 5.84C

27.14 ± 6.30AB

 < 0.001**

CL/C7S

0.71 ± 0.43BC

0.51 ± 0.37AC

0.97 ± 0.31AB

 < 0.001**

CSVA (mm)

18.65 ± 11.73

17.94 ± 10.92

18.19 ± 11.37

0.908

Spinopelvic parameters

TK (°)

− 37.58 ± 9.98BC

− 30.57 ± 11.49A

− 28.89 ± 11.04A

 < 0.001**

LL (°)

45.12 ± 8.79BC

31.05 ± 9.94AC

25.19 ± 11.57AB

 < 0.001**

SS (°)

33.68 ± 7.96BC

29.28 ± 8.89A

27.12 ± 10.11A

 < 0.001**

PT (°)

14.54 ± 5.67BC

21.32 ± 7.03 AC

23.81 ± 9.62AB

 < 0.001**

PI (°)

48.12 ± 8.19

50.44 ± 9.27

50.69 ± 9.73

0.109

PI–LL (°)

2.99 ± 4.46 BC

19.39 ± 7.05 AC

25.51 ± 10.63AB

 < 0.001**

SVA (mm)

0.12 ± 26.47 BC

15.19 ± 23.07 AC

88.89 ± 27.49AB

 < 0.001**

  1. CBVA chin-brow to vertical angle; OC2 occiput-C2 lordosis; CL cervical lordosis; C7S C7 slope; CSVA cervical sagittal vertical axis; TK thoracic kyphosis; LL lumbar lordosis; SS sacral slope; PT pelvic tilt; PI pelvic incidence; PI–LL pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis mismatch; SVA sagittal vertical axis
  2. ASignificant difference compared to Balance group
  3. BSignificant difference compared to Hidden imbalance group
  4. CSignificant difference compared to Imbalance group
  5. **P < 0.01