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Table 4 The principle of classification guiding the treatment on the basis of force–displacement mechanism

From: Spinopelvic dissociation: extended definition, physical examination, classification, and therapy

301 SPD classification

Force–displacement

Fixation methods

Type I

  

 Ia

Non-obvious displacement or kyphotic deformity

Relative stability

Transiliac–transsacral penetration screws

Trans-sacroiliac screws for fixation of sacroiliac joint

 Ib

 Non-obvious displacement or Kyphotic deformity

Relative stability

Transiliac–transsacral penetration screws

Trans-sacroiliac screws for fixation of sacroiliac joint

 Ic

Flexion displacement, Lack of support

Instability

Posterior spinopelvic fixation (Triangular osteosynthesis)

 Id

Lumbosacral displacement

Posterior lumbosacral fixation + Sacral lag screw

Type II

  

 IIa

Unilateral sacral fracture-displacement, contralateral sacroiliac joint displacement

Fixation of sacroiliac joint (transiliac–transsacral penetration screws and/or sacroiliac screw)

 IIb

Unilateral sacral fracture-displacement, contralateral sacroiliac joint displacement accompany ilium fracture

Fixation of sacroiliac joint and/or Repair the ilium

Type III

  

 IIIa

Bilateral sacroiliac joint displacement

Fixation of sacroiliac joint (transiliac–transsacral penetration screws and/or sacroiliac screw)

 IIIb

Unilateral sacroiliac joint displacement, contralateral sacroiliac joint displacement accompany ilium fracture

Fixation of sacroiliac joint and/or Repair the ilium + LC-2 screw

 IIIc

Bilateral sacroiliac joint displacement accompany ilium fracture

Fixation of sacroiliac joint and/or Repair the ilium + LC-2 screw