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Table 2 Unadjusted logistic regression analysis for all individual factors associated with chronic low back pain

From: Prevalence of chronic low back pain and its associated factors in the general population of South Korea: a cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Variables

Odds radio

95% CI

p value

Age group

    

 10–19

Reference

   

 20–29

3.197

1.169

8.741

0.024

 30–39

3.723

1.371

10.110

0.01

 40–49

4.418

1.629

11.987

0.004

 50–59

7.881

2.910

21.346

< 0.001

 60–69

14.898

5.509

40.292

< 0.001

 70–79

22.321

8.248

60.406

< 0.001

 80–89

25.467

9.275

69.929

< 0.001

 ≥ 90

18.125

4.298

76.427

< 0.001

Gender

    

 Male

Reference

   

 Female

2.082

1.902

2.279

< 0.001

Height

0.940

0.935

0.944

< 0.001

Weight

0.972

0.968

0.976

< 0.001

BMI

1.020

1.008

1.032

0.002

Obesitya

    

 Underweight (< 18.5)

Reference

   

 Normal (18.5–24.9)

1.167

0.944

1.441

0.153

 Obese (> 25)

1.343

1.082

1.668

0.008

Smoking status

    

 Non/Ex-smoker

Reference

   

 Current smoker

0.555

0.495

0.622

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption

    

 None

Reference

   

 ≥ 1 drink/month

0.487

0.447

0.530

 < 0.001

Occupation

    

 Unemployed (Student, housewife, etc.)

Reference

   

 Office work

0.272

0.232

0.319

< 0.001

 Sales and services

0.492

0.423

0.572

< 0.001

 Agriculture, forestry and fishery

2.003

1.777

2.257

< 0.001

 Machine fitting and simple labor

0.609

0.539

0.688

< 0.001

Household incomeb

    

 Low

    

 Low-moderate

0.484

0.433

0.541

< 0.001

 Moderate-high

0.376

0.335

0.422

< 0.001

 High

0.310

0.274

0.349

< 0.001

Education levelc

    

 ≤ 6 years

Reference

   

 7–9 years

0.457

0.399

0.523

< 0.001

 10–12 years

0.245

0.221

0.273

< 0.001

  ≥ 13 years

0.179

0.157

0.204

< 0.001

Physical activityd

    

 Walk

1.043

0.960

1.133

0.316

 Middle PA

1.542

1.385

1.717

< 0.001

 High PA

0.946

0.844

1.061

0.341

Depressive symptome

2.176

1.972

2.401

< 0.001

Vitamin Df

    

 Insufficiency (< 20 ng/ml)

Reference

   

 Normal (≥ 20 ng/ml)

0.695

0.635

0.761

< 0.001

Comorbidities

    

 Hypertension

2.198

2.007

2.408

< 0.001

 Dyslipidemia

1.765

1.541

2.022

< 0.001

 Stroke

2.826

2.285

3.495

< 0.001

 Ischemic heart disease

2.837

2.292

3.512

< 0.001

 Knee osteoarthritis

3.699

3.380

4.048

< 0.001

 Asthma

2.344

1.988

2.764

 < 0.001

 COPD

2.699

1.959

3.720

< 0.001

 Diabetes

1.729

1.511

1.978

< 0.001

 Chronic kidney disease

1.892

1.087

3.295

< 0.001

 Liver cirrhosis

2.321

1.103

4.882

0.026

 Cancerg

2.236

1.836

2.725

< 0.001

  1. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval, BMI; body mass index, PA; physical activity, COPD; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  2. aBody mass index was categorized into underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥ 25.0 kg/m2)
  3. bHousehold income level was calculated by dividing the total household monthly income with the obtained levels then grouped into quartiles
  4. cEducational level was divided into the following four groups: ≤ 6 years (elementary school), 7–9 years (middle school), 10–12 years (high school), and ≥ 13 years (college or university)
  5. dPhysical activity was defined as three categories. First, walk was defined as walking activity for 5 or more days per week at least 30 min. Middle physical activity was defined as mid-intensity physical activity for 5 or more days per week at least 30 min. High physical activity was defined as high-intensity physical activity for 3 or more days per week at least 20 min
  6. eDepressive symptom was defined as individuals in this survey who felt sad or depressive symptom for two consecutive weeks during the past one year
  7. fSerum vitamin D level were classified into two groups: Insufficiency (< 20 ng/ml) and normal (≥ 20 ng/ml)
  8. gHistory of major cancer: stomach, liver, colon, breast, uterine cervical, prostate or lung cancer