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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population according to chronic low back pain

From: Prevalence of chronic low back pain and its associated factors in the general population of South Korea: a cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Variables

Without CLBP

(n = 14,345)

CLBP

(n = 2,693)

p value

Age, year

47.3 (16.1)

59.1 (16.0)

< .001

Age, n (%)

   

 10–19

174 (1.2%)

4 (0.1%)

< .001

 20–29

1932 (13.5%)

142 (5.3%)

 

 30–39

3143 (21.9%)

269 (10.0%)

 

 40–49

3052 (21.3%)

310 (11.5%)

 

 50–59

2423 (16.9%)

439 (16.3%)

 

 60–69

2038 (14.2%)

698 (25.9%)

 

 70–79

1296 (9.0%)

665 (24.7%)

 

 80–89

275 (1.9%)

161 (6.0%)

 

 ≥ 90

12 (0.1%)

5 (0.2%)

 

Gender, n (%)

   

 Male

6444 (44.9%)

758 (28.1%)

< .001

 Female

7901 (55.1%)

1935 (71.9%)

 

Height, cm

162.4 (9.1)

157.3 (9.3)

< .001

Weight, kg

62.5 (11.5)

59.0 (10.3)

< .001

BMI, kg/m2

23.6 (3.4)

23.8 (3.3)

.002

Obesity, n (%)a

   

 Underweight (< 18.5)

683 (4.8%)

106 (4.0%)

.001

 Normal (18.5–24.9)

9080 (64.1%)

1644 (61.6%)

 

 Obese (> 25)

4403 (31.1%)

918 (34.4%)

 

Smoking status, n (%)

   

 Non/Ex-smoker

11,018 (76.9%)

2304 (85.7%)

< .001

 Current smoker

3318 (23.1%)

274 (14.3%)

 

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

   

 None

6453 (45.0%)

1688 (62.7%)

< .001

 ≥ 1 drink/month

7892 (55.0%)

1005 (37.3%)

 

Occupation, n (%)

   

 Unemployed (Student, housewife, etc.)

5791 (40.4%)

1375 (51.1%)

< .001

 Office work

2891 (20.2%)

187 (6.9%)

 

 Sales and services

1893 (13.2%)

221 (8.2%)

 

 Agriculture, forestry and fishery

1102 (7.7%)

524 (19.5%)

 

 Machine fitting and simple labor

2668 (18.6%)

386 (14.3%)

 

Household income, n (%)b

   

 Low

2572 (18.4%)

976 (36.9%)

< .001

 Low-moderate

3510 (25.1%)

645 (24.4%)

 

 Moderate-high

3881 (27.8%)

554 (20.9%)

 

 High

4008 (28.7%)

471 (17.8%)

 

Education level, n (%)c

   

 ≤ 6 years

3462 (24.1%)

1503 (55.8%)

< .001

 7–9 years

1594 (11.1%)

316 (11.7%)

 

 10–12 years

5289 (36.9%)

563 (20.9%)

 

 ≥ 13 years

4000 (27.9%)

311 (11.5%)

 

Physical activity, n (%)d

   

 Walk

6570 (46.0%)

1263 (47.1%)

.32

 Middle PA

1903 (13.3%)

514 (19.1%)

< .001

 High PA

2276 (15.9%)

408 (15.2%)

.34

Depressive symptom, n (%)e

1987 (13.9%)

698 (25.9%)

< .001

Vitamin Df

   

 Insufficiency (< 20 ng/ml)

  

< 0.001

 Normal (≥ 20 ng/ml)

3937 (68.4%)

1059 (45.6%)

 

Comorbidities, n (%)

6756 (63.2%)

1263 (54.4%)

 

 Hypertension

2591 (18.1%)

879 (32.6%)

< .001

 Dyslipidemia

968 (6.7%)

305 (11.3%)

< .001

 Stroke

261 (1.8%)

134 (5.0%)

< .001

 Ischemic heart disease

258 (1.8%)

133 (4.9%)

< .001

 Knee osteoarthritis

2119 (14.8%)

1052 (39.1%)

< .001

 Asthma

512 (3.6%)

215 (8.0%)

< .001

 COPD

114 (0.8%)

57 (2.1%)

< .001

 Diabetes

1004 (7.0%)

310 (11.5%)

< .001

 Chronic kidney disease

48 (0.3%)

17 (0.6%)

.022

 Liver cirrhosis

23 (0.2%)

10 (0.4%)

.022

 Cancerg

356 (2.5%)

145 (5.4%)

< .001

  1. Numeric parameters are expressed as mean and standard deviation in parentheses
  2. Categorical parameters are expressed as counts and percentages in parentheses
  3. CLBP; chronic low back pain, BMI; body mass index, PA; physical activity, COPD; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  4. aBody mass index was categorized into underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥ 25.0 kg/m2)
  5. bHousehold income level was calculated by dividing the total household monthly income with the obtained levels then grouped into quartiles
  6. cEducational level was divided into the following four groups: ≤ 6 years (elementary school), 7–9 years (middle school), 10–12 years (high school), and ≥ 13 years (college or university)
  7. dPhysical activity was defined as three categories. First, walk was defined as walking activity for 5 or more days per week at least 30 min. Middle physical activity was defined as mid-intensity physical activity for 5 or more days per week at least 30 min. High physical activity was defined as high-intensity physical activity for 3 or more days per week at least 20 min
  8. eDepressive symptom was defined as individuals in this survey who felt sad or depressive symptom for two consecutive weeks during the past one year
  9. fSerum vitamin D level were classified into two groups: Insufficiency (< 20 ng/ml) and normal (≥ 20 ng/ml)
  10. gHistory of major cancer: stomach, liver, colon, breast, uterine cervical, prostate or lung cancer
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Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

ISSN: 1749-799X