Table 2 Previous studies conducted on rabbit models investigating ceramic coating methodologies
Author, Ref | Rabbits model | Rabbits (n) and implant site | Materials | Follow-up | X-Rays and MicroCT | Biomechanical evaluation | Histology, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry, PCR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gong et al. [51] | 30 New Zealand rabbits | Right medial tibia epiphysis of the (d = 6 mm, ø = 3 mm) | Calcium silicate powder, RA-CPSC, MCP, Ca(H2PO4)2, and risedronate added into calcium silicate powder and homogeneously mixed respectively | 8, 10 weeks | ↑ Trabecular bone formation with X-ray in Group II in comparison to Group I after 10 weeks | – | ↑ up-regulation of genes in Group II in comparison with Group I |
Lozano et al. [52] | Osteoporosis induced rabbits | Medial and lateral distal femoral epiphysis | SBA15 and SiO2. The surface was chemically modified with an organic modification of silica walls with alkoxysilane, n-octyltriethoxysilane and functionalized by soaking the mesoporous in a solution of PTHrP in PBS | 2 weeks | – | – | No inflammation. Increase in staining for PCNA, Runx2 antibody, osteopontin, and/or VEGF in rabbits in both Group II and IV |
Luo et al. [53] | 60 New Zealand rabbits | Sub-periosteal mandibular (4 mm × 5 mm × 10 mm) | Porous commercial HA was physically functionalized in surface with or without APN or Matrigel or combination of both | 4 weeks | Increase in NBV in Group I than the other groups. Reduction in TRAP activity in Group I than other groups | Increase in compressive strength and elastic modulus in Group I than other groups | Reduction in Tb.Sp in Group I than other groups. Increase in BV/TV, Conn.D, Tb.Th and Tb.N. in Group I than other groups |
Migliorini et al. [49] | 36 female New Zealand white rabbits | Lateral femoral condyles | BMP-2 coated HPOC (group I) versus sandblasted titanium implants (group II) | 6, 12Â weeks | Â | Â | The bone implant contact of BMP-2 coated HPOC increased similarly to standard titanium implants |
Migliorini et al. [50] | 36 female New Zealand white rabbits | Lateral femoral condyles | RGD coated HPOC (group I) versus sandblasted titanium implants (group II) | 6, 12Â weeks | Â | Â | The bone implant contact of RGD coated HPOC increased similarly to standard titanium implants |
Plaza et al. [54] | 42 New Zealand white rabbits | Medial femoral condyles | Physical incorporation of fibronectin in HA bulk material by adding HA to a fibronectin solution of in PBS | 1,2,5 days | Increase in Tb.Th in Group I in the area next the screw in comparison with area far from the device | – | Increase in cellularity at 24 h in Group I than the other Groups |
Shen et al. [55] | 43 New Zealand white rabbits | Femoral epiphysis | TNT were immersed in supersaturated Ca(OH)2 solution, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O (0.2 M) and (NH4)2HPO4 (0.2 M) solutions to create a coating of HA. TNT-HA was subsequently functionalized with Aln by immersion in Aln solution (physical absorption) | 12 weeks | no dislocation and inflammation occurred. Increase in BV/TV and Tb.Th in Group IV and III than Group I and II. Increase in | Increase in interfacial strength in Group IV than other groups and in Group III than Group I and II | Increase in osteoid tissue in Group IV and III than other Groups |
Wu et al. [56] | 16 New Zealand White rabbits | Distal femur | Strontium enriched CPC in the solid phase and PCL | 24Â weeks | Increase in BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, connectivity density in Group III than Group I. Reduction of Tb.Sp, SMI and total porosity in Group III than Group I and Group II | Â | Â |
Yu et al. [57] | 40 New Zealand white rabbits | Two implants (2-mm diameter, 10-mm depth) into each femur | Ti–6Al–4 V implants (ø10 × 2 mm) coated by means of plasma-spray technique with HA or CaSiO3 or zinc-modified calcium silicate (Ca2ZnSi2O7) at two different Zn contents | 4, 8, 12 weeks | All parameters ↑ from 4 to 8 weeks. ↑ highest values of all parameters in Group V than all other Groups |  | No new bone in Group I. Small bone in Group II and III stating from 4 weeks. Strong new bone formation in Group IV and V and improved osteointegration |
Gunnella et al. [58] | 30 California rabbits | Not specified (5 mm wide and 4 mm) | A composite material of HA/TCP granules with or without Sr substitution | 12 weeks | – | – | Greater mean trabecular area in Group I in comparison to other groups. Increase of NFkB, OPG, OC, BMP 2/4, COL-1α and IL-1 in Group III in comparison to Group IV |