Study | Implant type | Porosity type | Main design strategy | Computational validation | Experimental validation | Main stress shielding measure | Max. stress shielding reduction | Overall quality score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[31] | Hip acetabular cup | Diamond, body- centered cubic, rhombic dodecahedron | 3 porosity-graded layers from inside to bone–implant interface | – | Compression testing, DIC | Strains, deformation pattern | Not quantified | 17 |
[84] | Hip femoral stem | Body‐centered cubic (BCC) | 9 axially porosity-graded layers | Implanted model | – | Stress in bone | Gruen zone 7: + 50% | 19 |
[47] | Hip femoral stem | Schwarz Primitive | 9 axially porosity-graded layers | Implanted model | – | Stress in bone | Not quantified | 16 |
[50] | Hip femoral stem | Auxetic | Positive to negative Poisson’s ratio from one side to another | Implanted model | – | Stress and strain in implant | Not quantified | 20 |
[99] | Hip femoral stem | Square | 2 axially porosity-graded layers | Implanted model | – | Stress in bone | Gruen zone 2: + 22% Gruen zone 3: + 18% Gruen zone 5: + 20% Gruen zone 6: + 36% Gruen zone 7: + 12% | 20 |
[48] | Hip femoral stem | – | Porosity gradually decreased toward distal end | Implanted model | – | Stress in bone | Cortical: Steel: 29%, Titanium: + 21%, FGM: + 21% Cancellous: Steel: + 14%, Titanium: + 10%, FGM: + 15%*1 | 15 |
[51] | Hip femoral stem | Auxetic, honeycomb | Positive to negative Poisson’s ratio from one side to another | – | Simplified implanted model | Strains in bone | Not quantified | 15 |
[15] | Hip femoral stem | Octahedral | 5 axially porosity-graded layers, 3 radially porosity-graded layers | Implanted model | Bending test, implanted model | Stress in bone | Gruen zone 7: + 368% | 16 |
[49] | Hip femoral stem | – | Axially, radially and combined porosity-graded | Structural analysis | – | Stress shielding effect | SSE -31% | 15 |
Hip femoral stem | Variations of body-centered cubic (BCC) | Strut thickness based on interaction with cortical/trabecular bone, alternating pore size | Implanted model | – | Stress in implant | Not quantified | 16 | |
[46] | Hip femoral stem | Diamond | 3 radially porosity-graded layers, 4 axially porosity-graded layers | Implanted model | – | Bone loss | Bone loss − 75% | 20 |
[28] | Hip femoral stem | Cubic | 3 radially porosity-graded layers | ISO 7206-4, implanted model | – | Stress in bone | Gruen zone 7: + 65% | 17 |
[54] | Knee femoral component | – | Porosity decrease from uppermost to lowermost surface | Implanted model | – | Stress in bone (interface) | Stress + 41.5% | 18 |
[55] | Metal block augmentation for knee tibial component | Cubic/grid | 2 porosity sections based on topology optimization | Implanted model | – | Stress in bone | Stress + 18.60% | 19 |