Association between total cholesterol and total bone mineral density in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011–2018

Table 5 Threshold effect analysis of total cholesterol on total bone mineral density in borderline diabetes status using the two-piecewise linear regression model

Total bone mineral density	Adjusted β (95% CI) P value
Borderline diabetes status
Fitting by the standard linear model	0.0087 (− 0.0055, 0.0230) 0.2295
Fitting by the two-piecewise linear model
Inflection point	4.65
Serum cholesterol < 4.65 mmol/L	− 0.0504 (− 0.0941, − 0.0068) 0.0251
Serum cholesterol > 4.65 mmol/L	0.0293 (0.0093, 0.0493) 0.0047
Log likelihood ratio	0.003

Age, gender, race/ethnicity, ratio of family income-to-poverty, education level, marital status, blood urea nitrogen, serum phosphorus, γ-glutamyl transferase, ALT, AST, lactate dehydrogenase, serum uric acid, triglycerides, BMI, waist circumference, serum calcium, calcium intake, alcohol consumption, high blood pressure, moderate activity and smoking were adjusted

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