Fig. 2
Eight studies reported radiation exposure time of screw implantation; we found statistical heterogeneity between the two groups (x2 = 83.9, df = 7, P = 0.000; I2 = 91.7%); TiRobot would decrease radiation exposure time of screw implantation [MD = − 3.93, 95% CI (− 5.06, − 2.8), P = 0.000]. Three studies reported the frequency of intraoperative fluoroscopy. We found some statistical heterogeneity between the two groups (x2 = 4.58, df = 2, P = 0.101; I2 = 56.4%). TiRobot would decrease the frequency of intraoperative fluoroscopy [MD = − 2.62, 95% CI (− 3.28, − 1.96), P = 0.000]. Five studies reported guide wire attempts. We found some statistical heterogeneity between the two groups (x2 = 71.62, df = 4, P = 0.000; I2 = 94.4%). TiRobot would decrease guide wire attempts [MD = − 4.52, 95% CI (− 6.27, − 2.77), P = 0.000]