Table 2 Study conclusions

Pain study conclusions

< 5

Riediger [19]

79

2 months

Depression, somatization

↑ Depression/somatization associated with ↑ pain

Tarakji [23]

44

3,12 months

Depression

↑ Depression associated with ↑ pain

5–7

Brembo [7]

223

3 months

Self-efficacy

↓ Self-efficacy associated with ↑ pain

Duivenvoorden [7]

140

3,12 months

Depression/anxiety

↑ Anxiety/depression associated with ↑ pain

Etcheson [8]

93

48 h

Depression

↑ Depression has no significant impact on pain

Hassett [10]

862

3,6 months

Depression/anxiety

↑ Anxiety/depression associated with ↑ pain

Lindner [13]

44

6,12 weeks

Depression/anxiety

↑ Anxiety associated with ↑ pain; ↑ Depression has no significant impact on pain

Mercurio [14]

40

12 months

Depression/anxiety

↑ Anxiety/depression ↑ pain

Pinto [16]

64

48 h

Depression/anxiety, optimism

↑ Anxiety/depression have no significant impact on pain; ↑ Optimism associated with ↓ pain

Quintana [17]

788

6 months, 2 years

Mental health

↓ Mental health associated with ↑ pain

Rolfson [20]

6,158

1 year

Depression/anxiety

↑ Anxiety/depression associated with ↑ pain

Singh [22]

441

2 years

Pessimism

↑ Pessimism has no significant impact on pain

Function study conclusions

< 5

Badura-Brzoza [4]

184

6 months

Depression/anxiety

↑ Anxiety/depression have no significant impact on function

Negrini [15]

40

3,12 days

Depression/anxiety

↑ Anxiety/depression have no significant impact on function

Riediger [19]

79

2 months

Depression, somatization

↑ Depression/somatization associated with ↓ function

Tarakji [23]

44

3,12 months

Depression

↑ Depression associated with ↓ function

5–7

Benditz [5]

50

1,5 weeks

Depression/anxiety

↑ Anxiety/depression associated with ↓ function

Brembo [6]

223

3 months

Self-efficacy

↓ Self-efficacy associated with ↓ function

Duivenvoorden [7]

140

3,12 months

Depression/anxiety

↑ Anxiety/depression associated with ↓ function

Galea [9]

627

3 months, 1,7 years

Depression/anxiety

↑ Anxiety/depression associated with ↓ function

Hossain [11]

762

1,5 years

Distress

↑ Distress associated with ↓ function

Lindner [13]

44

6,12 weeks

Depression/anxiety

↑ Anxiety associated with ↓ function; ↑ Depression has no significant impact on function

Quintana [17]

788

6 months, 2 years

Mental health

↓ Mental health associated with ↓ function

Salmon [21]

102

1,6 months

Depression/anxiety

↑ Anxiety associated with ↓ function

Singh [22]

441

2 years

Pessimism

↑ Pessimism associated with ↓ function

Trinh [24]

48

1 year

Depression

↑ Depression associated with ↓ function

pain and function study conclusions

5–7

Jaiswal [12]

677

1 year

Mental health

↓ Mental health associated with ↓ function and ↑ pain

other study conclusions

5–7

Rasouli [18]

964

NR

Complications

↑ Anxiety/depression associated with ↑ complications