Fig. 4

RES improves IL-1β-induced autophagy in chondrocytes via the SIRT1/FOXO1 pathway. A–C Expression of LC3, ATG5, and Beclin 1 genes associated with chondrocyte autophagy was quantified using quantitative real-time PCR. D Groups of intracellular autophagic vesicles were observed by transmission electron microscopy. a–e Correspond to control, IL-1β, IL-1β + RES, IL-1β + RES + AS, and IL-1β + RES + EX-527, respectively. All data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 3), *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001