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Table 5 Summary of estimated treatment effect of the included studies

From: Efficacy of conservative treatment for spastic cerebral palsy children with equinus gait: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Outcome measure

Treatment comparisons

Pooled effect size

1. Number of gait improvement

BoNT-A versus placebo [7, 11, 12, 23]

RR (95% CI); 2.64 (1.71, 4.07)

2. Composite score of gait improvement

a. BoNT-A versus casting [9, 10]

SMD (95% CI); 0.16 (− 0.48, 0.8)

c. BoNT-A + casting versus BoNT-A [31, 32]

b. BoNT-A + physical therapy versus physical therapy [13, 20]

SMD (95% CI); 0.72 (− 0.2, 1.65)

SMD (95% CI); 0.66 (− 0.78, 2.1)

3. Ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact

Orthosis versus control [29, 33,34,35]

USMD (95% CI); 10.22 (5.13, 15.31)

4. Passive range of ankle dorsiflexion with knee extension

a. BoNT-A versus casting [9, 10]

USMD (95% CI); 4.01 (− 5.87, 13.89)

b. BoNT-A + casting versus BoNT-A [31, 32]

c. BoNT-A + physical therapy versus physical therapy [20, 36]

USMD (95%CI); 0.39 (− 0.52, 1.3)

USMD (95% CI); 4.16 (1.54, 6.78)

  1. Botulinum toxin A, BoNT-A; RR, risk ratio; SMD, standardized mean difference; USMD, unstandardized mean difference; and CI, confidence interval