Author, Year | Study design | Anesthesia and block timing | Composition of interventions | Composition of controls | Perioperative analgesia strategy | Primary outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DongHai Li, 2020 | RCT | General anesthesia (pre-operation) | ACB + iPACK: ACB (20 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine, 2.0 mg/mL of epinephrine) iPACK (20 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine, 2.0 mg/mL of epinephrine) | ACB (20 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine, 2.0 mg/mL of epinephrine) | Postoperative: ice compression devices; loxoprofen 60 mg PO bid; alprazolam 0.4 mg PO qd | Pain score (VAS score/morphine consumption) Ambulation ability(the knee flexion angle/extension angle/quadriceps strength/patients’ daily ambulation distance/knee function KSS/WOMAC physical function/TUG test) |
Jason Ochroch, 2020 | RCT | Spinal anesthesia (pre-operation) | ACB + iPACK: ACB (20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine) iPACK (20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine) | ACB (20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine) | Preoperative: Acetaminophen 1000 mg PO; Gabapentin 300 mg PO; Celecoxib 200 mg PO Postoperative: Adductor canal catheter, ropivacaine 0.2% 8 mL/hour with demand bolus of 5 mL, lockout interval 30 min × 2 days; Acetaminophen 1000 mg PO every 8 h × 3 days; Celecoxib 200 mg PO every 12 h × 3 days; Gabapentin 300 mg PO every 12 h × 7 days; Oxycodone 5–10 mg PO every 4 h PRN | Pain score (Opioid consumption/Presence of posterior knee pain) The quality of pain management (American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire) Ambulation ability (ambulation distance/TUG test) |
Ling Hu, 2020 | RCT | General anesthesia (pre-operation) | ACB + iPACK: ACB (20 ml of 0.2%ropivacaine) iPACK (15 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine) | ACB (25 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine) | Postoperative PCA (sufentanil 1ug/ml, background dose 2 ml/h, lockout interval 15 min × 2 days) | Pain score (VAS score/times of Intravenous parecoxib) Ambulation ability (the range of movement/time of first ambulation after operation) |
Matthew E. Patterson, 2020 | RCT | General anesthesia (pre-operation) | ACB + iPACK ACB (20 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine with epinephrine 3 mg/mL) iPACK (15 ml of ropivacaine 0.25% with epinephrine 3 mg/mL) | ACB (20 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine with epinephrine 3 mcg/mL) | Preoperative Pregabalin 150 mg PO Postoperative Adductor canal catheter, ropivacaine 0.2% 8 mL/h × 2 days; Acetaminophen 1 g PO every 8 h while in hospital; Celecoxib 400 mg PO daily while in hospital; Gabapentin 150 mg PO every night while in hospital | Pain score (Pain scale scores at rest and during physical therapy/ opioid consumption) Ambulation ability (Walk distance) |
Min Li, 2019 | RCT | Spinal anesthesia (post-operation) | ACB + iPACK ACB (20 ml of 0.33% ropivacaine) iPACK (15 ml of 0.33% ropivacaine) | ACB (20 ml of 0.33% ropivacaine) | Preoperative flurbiprofen axetil 50 mg IV Postoperative celecoxib 200 mg PO bid; | Pain score (NRS score/ nalbuphine consumption) Ambulation ability (ambulation distance/maximal knee flexion) |
QiuRu Wang, 2020 | RCT | General anesthesia (pre-operation) | ACB + iPACK ACB (20 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine with epinephrine 2ug/mL) iPACK (20 ml of ropivacaine 0.2% with epinephrine 2ug/mL) | ACB (20 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine with epinephrine 2ug/mL) | Preoperative celecoxib 200 mg PO bid; Postoperative ice compression devices; celecoxib 200 mg PO bid; oxycodone 10 mg PO bid | Pain score (VAS score/ morphine consumption) Ambulation ability (maximal knee flexion/ambulation distance/Muscle force) |
R. Tak, 2020 | RCT | Spinal anesthesia (unclear) | ACB + iPACK ACB (20 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine) iPACK (20 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine) | ACB (20 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine) | Preoperative Celecoxib 200 mg PO; Gabapentin 300 mg PO Postoperative paracetamol 1 g IV tid × 3 days; afterward paracetamol 1 g PO tid; Gabapentin 300 mg PO qd × 4 weeks | pain score (VAS scores/opioid consumption) Ambulation ability (ambulation distance/TUG test, 30 s chair stand test/sitting active extension lag test/maximal knee flexion) |
Li Shen, 2019 | RCT | General anesthesia (pre-operation) | ACB + iPACK ACB (25 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine) iPACK (30 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine) | ACB (25 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine) | Postoperative PCA (sufentanil 1ug/ml, background dose 2 ml/h with demand bolus of 4 ml, lockout interval 30 min × 2 days) | Pain score (VAS score/ sufentanil consumption/Press times of PCA) Muscle force (Bromage score) Ambulation ability (maximal knee flexion/time of off-bed/the time of first straight leg raising) |
S. R. Sankineani, 2018 | non-RCT | Spinal anesthesia (post-operation) | ACB + iPACK ACB (20 ml of 0.2%ropivacaine) iPACK (15 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine) | ACB (20 ml of 0.2%ropivacaine) | Preoperative Celecoxib 200 mg PO; Gabapentin 300 mg PO Postoperative paracetamol 1 g IV tid × 3 days; afterward paracetamol 1 g PO tid; Gabapentin 300 mg PO qd × 4 weeks | Pain score (VAS score) Ambulation ability (ambulation distance/ the range of movement) |
XingFeng Zhou, 2020 | RCT | General anesthesia (pre-operation) | ACB + iPACK ACB (25 ml of 0.25%ropivacaine) iPACK (30 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine) | ACB (25 ml of 0.25%ropivacaine) | Postoperative: PCA (sufentanil 1ug/ml × 2 days) | Pain score (VAS score) Ambulation ability (maximal knee flexion/ the time of first straight leg raising/time of off-bed) |
YuQuan Li, 2020 | non-RCT | General anesthesia (pre-operation) | ACB + iPACK ACB (30 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine) iPACK (30 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine) | ACB (30 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine) | Postoperative PCA (sufentanil 1ug/ml, background dose 2 ml/h with demand bolus of 4 ml, lockout interval 30 min × 2 days) | Pain score (VAS score/ Press times of PCA) Ambulation ability (Bromage score) |
Chutikant Vichainarong 2020 | RCT | Spinal anesthesia (pre-operation) | CACB + iPACK + LIA CACB (20 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine. Levobupivacaine 0.15% was continuously dripped at 5 mL/hour via pump) iPACK (20 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine) LIA (levobupivacaine 100 mg, ketorolac 30 mg, epinephrine 0.3 mg diluted to a total volume of 80 mL) | CABA + LIA CACB (20 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine. Levobupivacaine 0.15% was continuously dripped at 5 mL/hour via pump) LIA (levobupivacaine 100 mg, ketorolac 30 mg, epinephrine 0.3 mg diluted to a total volume of 80 mL) | Preoperative Acetaminophen 650 mg PO; Celecoxib 400 mg PO Postoperative CABA;15 mg ketorolac IV; 650 mg acetaminophen PO. q6h; 400 mg Celebrex PO. half a tablet of tramadol hydrochloride/acetaminophen PO. daily If patients presented with persisting pain,2 mg of intravenous morphine as rescue therapy | Morphine consumption within 24 h numerical rating scale pain scores incidence of posterior knee pain performance test results patient satisfaction length of stay adverse events |
Tayfun Et 2022 | RCT | Spinal anesthesia (post-operation) | ACB + iPACK ACB (20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine) iPACK (20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine) | ACB (20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine) | Preoperatively Acetaminophen 1000 mg PO; diclofenac sodium 75 mg PO Postoperatively acetaminophen (1 g IV every 6 h, 4 doses); diclofenac (50 mg PO. tid, 25 mg for ≥ 75 years of age); tramadol 100 mg IV as a rescue analgesia when patient complained of pain with NRS > 4 | the area under the curve (AUC) numeric rating scale (NRS) at 48 h cumulative postoperative analgesic consumption within 48 h Timed Up and Go test range of motion length of hospital stays patient satisfaction adverse events |
Ping Mou 2021 | RCT | General anesthesia (post-operation) | ACB + iPACK: ACB (20 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine, 2.0 ug/mL of epinephrine) iPACK (20 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine, 2.0 ug/mL of epinephrine) | ACB (20 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine, 2.0 ug/mL of epinephrine) | Preoperatively celecoxib 200 mg PO Postoperatively A cold pack was used to decrease pain; celecoxib (200 mg, PO. twice daily); pregabalin (150 mg, PO. twice daily); Oxycodone hydrochloride tablet (10 mg) was reserved as secondary rescue analgesia | postoperative pain scores opioid consumption functional evaluation postoperative complications |