Table 1 The results of meta-analysis

Pain scores

Pain at rest, overall

47

2121

2131

− 0.489 (− 0.736, − 0.242)

 < 0.0001*

94.2%

 < 0.0001

By subgroup (Follow-up time)

Pain at rest (2–4 h)

6

241

238

− 0.792 (− 1.786, 0.202)

0.119

95.8%

 < 0.0001

Pain at rest (6–12 h)

13

656

653

− 0.960 (− 1.467, − 0.454)

 < 0.0001*

95.7%

 < 0.0001

Pain at rest (16–24 h)

10

475

477

− 0.224 (− 0.787, 0.339)

0.436

96.0%

 < 0.0001

Pain at rest (32–48 h)

13

626

638

− 0.115 (− 0.389, 0.159)

0.410

92.6%

 < 0.0001

Pain at rest (> 1w)

4

123

125

− 0.319 (− 0.621, − 0.016)

0.039*

0%

0.912

Pain at ambulation, overall

52

2047

2062

− 0.487 (− 0.719, − 0.255)

 < 0.0001*

92.4%

 < 0.0001

By subgroup (Follow-up time)

Pain at ambulation (2–4 h)

9

349

348

− 0.483 (− 0.958, − 0.008)

0.046*

90.3%

 < 0.0001

Pain at ambulation (6–12 h)

13

612

611

− 0.691 (− 1.064, − 0.318)

 < 0.0001*

91.1%

 < 0.0001

Pain at ambulation (24 h)

8

345

344

− 0.508 (− 1.273, 0.258)

0.194

94.6%

 < 0.0001

Pain at ambulation (36–48 h)

10

410

422

− 0.203 (− 0.811, 0.404)

0.512

95.1%

 < 0.0001

Pain at ambulation (> 1w)

12

371

377

− 0.586 (− 0.951, − 0.220)

0.002*

65.2%

0.001

Morphine consumption

Oral morphine consumption (overall)

34

1296

1292

− 2.559 (− 4.625, − 0.494)

0.015*

62.0%

 < 0.0001

By subgroup (Follow-up time)

Morphine consumption (0–12 h)

7

273

269

− 2.019 (− 9.989, 5.950)

0.619

63.8%

0.040

Morphine consumption (12–24 h)

10

406

401

− 4.936 (− 11.517, 1.646)

0.142

75.7%

 < 0.0001

Morphine consumption (24–48 h)

10

405

407

− 2.979 (− 5.714, − 0.244)

0.033*

0%

0.441

Morphine consumption (48− 72 h)

4

212

215

− 0.579 (− 2.892, 1.734)

0.624

61.4%

0.051

Morphine requirement (overall)

13

465

458

0.918 (0.635, 1.328)

0.649

45.2%

0.039

By subgroup (Follow-up time)

Morphine requirement (0–12 h)

2

66

64

0.813 (0.377, 1.755)

0.599

0.0%

0.608

Morphine requirement (12–24 h)

4

142

139

0.506 (0.309, 0.829)

0.007*

3.8%

0.374

Morphine requirement (24–48 h)

5

157

155

0.841 (0.626, 1.131)

0.252

0.0%

0.825

Morphine requirement (48–72 h)

2

32

14

2.336 (0.953, 5.730)

0.064

54.3%

0.139

Functional outcomes

ROM (Overall)

11

400

397

1.090 (− 3.740, 5.921)

0.658

90.2%

 < 0.0001

By subgroup (Follow-up time)

ROM (POD0)

1

34

35

− 2.700 (− 7.959, 2.559)

0.314

N/A

N/A

ROM (POD1)

4

160

159

1.002 (− 6.683, 8.687)

0.798

87.1%

 < 0.0001

ROM (POD2)

4

140

139

4.221 (− 4.816, 13.258)

0.360

92.2%

 < 0.0001

ROM (POD3)

2

66

64

− 3.200 (− 7.180, 0.780)

0.115

0%

1.000

TUG (Overall)

18

830

821

− 0.735 (− 3.352, 1.881)

0.582

74.6%

 < 0.0001

By subgroup (Follow-up time)

TUG (POD0)

1

34

35

− 18.60 (− 45.428, 8.228)

0.174

N/A

N/A

TUG (POD1)

3

127

126

− 4.901 (− 15.554, 5.753)

0.367

19.2%

0.290

TUG (POD2)

5

238

236

− 1.701 (− 9.572, 6.170)

0.672

91.8%

 < 0.0001

TUG (POD3)

4

166

164

− 0.585 (− 5.641, 4.471)

0.821

42.8%

0.154

TUG (> 1w)

6

232

228

− 0.260 (− 1.812, 1.293)

0.743

0.0%

0.523

Ambulation distance (Overall)

15

662

660

1.122 (0.365, 1.878)

0.004*

0%

0.869

By subgroup (Follow-up time)

Ambulation distance (POD0)

2

75

77

3.503 (− 6.804, 13.810)

0.505

0%

0.722

Ambulation distance (POD1)

6

266

265

0.798 (− 0.122, 1.718)

0.089

0%

0.633

Ambulation distance (POD2)

5

221

218

1.743 (0.339, 3.147)

0.015*

0%

0.563

Ambulation distance (POD3)

2

100

100

2.013 (− 2.476, 6.503)

0.379

0%

0.610

QMS

By subgroup (Flexion Degrees)

QMS, 0 degree (Overall)

21

769

761

0.405 (0.042, 0.767)

0.029*

94.4%

0.029

QMS, 45 degree (Overall)

11

342

342

0.146 (− 0.200, 0.492)

0.408

0.0%

0.796

QMS, 90 degree (Overall)

11

340

339

0.130 (− 0.268, 0.529)

0.521

0.0%

0.994

Complications

PONV

4

173

172

0.920 (0.676, 1.252)

0.596

46.6%

0.132

Perioperative outcomes

LOS

7

262

261

− 3.182 (− 6.568, 0.204)

0.066

64.2%

0.010

Operation time

12

574

568

− 0.241 (− 1.514, 1.032)

0.711

0%

0.940

Patients satisfaction

5

199

196

0.471 (− 0.015, 0.956)

0.058

88.4%

 < 0.0001

Sleep disturbance (Overall)

12

399

393

0.499 (0.311, 0.799)

0.004*

10.6%

0.341

By subgroup (Follow-up time)

Sleep disturbance (POD0)

4

133

131

0.505 (0.182, 1.405)

0.191

53.9%

0.089

Sleep disturbance (POD1)

4

133

131

0.388 (0.185, 0.812)

0.012*

0.0%

0.464

Sleep disturbance (POD2)

4

133

131

0.527 (0.190, 1.467)

0.220

0.0%

0.513