Fig. 5

The Smad2/3/4 signaling pathway plays a negative role in ClC-3 chloride channel-mediated regulation of osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Osteogenesis was determined by ALP staining (a) and ALP activity assays (b). Alizarin Red S staining (c) and an assessment of calcium deposition (d) were carried out. Scale bars = 100 μm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with the control group. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 compared between the experimental groups