Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population in the training and validation cohorts (n = 210)
Variables (n(%)) | Total | Training cohort | Validation cohort | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | 208 | 154 | 54 | Â |
Age (Mean + SD)(year) |  | 69.29 ± 7.11 | 69.29 ± 7.11 | 0.813 |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 0.072 |
Male | 90 | 61 (39.61%) | 29 (53.70%) | Â |
BMI (Kg/m2) |  | 28.20 ± 3.42 | 28.20 ± 3.50 | 0.994 |
Primary diagnosis | Â | Â | Â | 0.106 |
Osteoarthritis (OA) | 167 | 122 (79.22%) | 45 (83.33%) | Â |
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | 33 | 28 (18.18%) | 5 (9.26%) | Â |
Post-traumatic arthritis | 8 | 4 (2.60%) | 4 (7.41%) | Â |
Hypertension | 120 | 94 (61.04%) | 26 (48.15%) | 0.099 |
Heart disease | 100 | 72 (46.75%) | 28 (51.85%) | 0.519 |
Diabetes mellitus | 107 | 97 (62.99%) | 30 (55.56%) | 0.335 |
Urinary system diseases | 72 | 55 (35.71%) | 17 (31.48%) | 0.574 |
Respiratory diseases | 102 | 79 (51.30%) | 23 (42.59%) | 0.271 |
Anxiety/depression | Â | Â | Â | 0.518 |
Not anxious or depressed | 114 | 81 (52.60%) | 33 (61.11%) | Â |
Slightly anxious or depressed | 72 | 55 (35.71%) | 17 (31.48%) | Â |
Slightly anxious or depressed | 18 | 14 (9.09%) | 4 (7.41%) | Â |
Severely anxious or depressed | 4 | 4 (2.60%) | 0 (0.00%) | Â |
Extremely anxious or depressed | 0 | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | Â |
Education degree | Â | Â | Â | 0.177 |
Less than high school | 79 | 62 (40.26%) | 17 (31.48%) | Â |
High school | 71 | 47 (30.52%) | 24 (44.44%) | Â |
College degree and above | 58 | 45 (29.22%) | 13 (24.07%) | Â |
Smoke | 144 | 108 (70.13%) | 36 (66.67%) | 0.635 |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | 0.791 |
Married | 163 | 119 (77.27%) | 44 (81.48%) | Â |
Divorced/seperated | 24 | 19 (12.34%) | 5 (9.26%) | Â |
Widowed | 21 | 16 (10.39%) | 5 (9.26%) | Â |
Oral opioids before operation | Â | Â | Â | 0.614 |
Never | 64 | 45 (29.22%) | 19 (35.19%) | Â |
Less than 3Â months | 93 | 69 (44.81%) | 24 (44.44%) | Â |
More than 3Â months | 51 | 40 (25.97%) | 11 (20.37%) | Â |
Anesthesia mode | Â | Â | Â | 0.046 |
General | 124 | 98 (63.64%) | 26 (48.15%) | Â |
Epidural block | 84 | 56 (36.36%) | 28 (51.85%) | Â |
Local anesthetic infltration | 149 | 110 (71.43%) | 39 (72.22%) | 0.911149 |
Kellgren and Lawrence grade | Â | Â | Â | 0.266 |
I grade | 0 | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | Â |
II grade | 5 | 3 (1.95%) | 2 (3.70%) | Â |
III grade | 84 | 58 (37.66%) | 26 (48.15%) | Â |
IV grade | 119 | 93 (60.39%) | 26 (48.15%) | Â |
Tourniquet use | 181 | 128 (83.12%) | 43 (79.63%) | 0.564 |
Cosmetic closure | 159 | 119 (77.27%) | 40 (74.07%) | 0.634 |
Postoperative pain | Â | Â | Â | 0.821 |
No pain or discomfort | 57 | 41 (26.62%) | 16 (29.63%) | Â |
Slight pain or discomfort | 99 | 72 (46.75%) | 27 (50.00%) | Â |
Moderate pain or discomfort | 44 | 35 (22.73%) | 9 (16.67%) | Â |
Severe pain or discomfort | 8 | 6 (3.90%) | 2 (3.70%) | Â |
Extreme pain or discomfort | Â | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | Â |
Postoperative ROM | Â | Â | Â | 0.663 |
Less than 90° |  | 0(0%) | 0(0%) |  |
90–100° | 10 | 7 (4.55%) | 3 (5.56%) |  |
100–110° | 30 | 21 (13.64%) | 9 (16.67%) |  |
110–120° | 47 | 38 (24.68%) | 9 (16.67%) |  |
More than 120° | 121 | 88 (57.14%) | 33 (61.11%) |  |
Postoperative knee extension | Â | Â | Â | 0.423 |
Completely extended | 150 | 110 (71.43%) | 40 (74.07%) | Â |
Lack of less than 5° | 48 | 38 (24.68%) | 10 (18.52%) |  |
Lack of 5–10° | 8 | 6 (3.90%) | 4 (7.41%) |  |
More than 10° |  | 0(0%) | 0(0%) |  |
Patella clicks | Â | Â | Â | 0.843 |
Never | 129 | 95 (61.69%) | 34 (62.96%) | Â |
Rarely | 54 | 40 (25.97%) | 14 (25.93%) | Â |
Sometimes | 23 | 18 (11.69%) | 5 (9.26%) | Â |
Often | 2 | 1 (0.65%) | 1 (1.85%) | Â |
Always | Â | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | Â |
HKA before operation (°) |  |  − 5.74 ± 7.99 |  − 6.52 ± 7.53 | 0.533 |
HKA under operation (°) |  |  − 1.63 ± 3.01 |  − 2.35 ± 2.97 | 0.129 |
Correction degree of HKA 1 year after TKA (Mean + SD)(°) |  | 5.74 ± 7.99 | 6.52 ± 7.53 | 0.533 |
Rate of change in the degree of coronal lower limb alignment after TKA (%) |  | 40.14 ± 23.83 | 41.33 ± 19.04 | 0.740 |
Satisfaction at 1Â year | 162 | 121 (78.57%) | 41 (75.93%) | 0.687 |