Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Author | Year | Country | Study design | Intervention | Sample size (n) | Age (year) | Women [n (%)] | Nonunion | Follow-up time (months) | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observation/control | Time (months) | Site | |||||||||
Takemoto [10] | 2014 | USA | Cohort study | ABG + rhBMP-2 | 68 50 | 47.4 43.4 | 28 (41%) 15 (30%) | NR | (A)(B)(C) (D)(E)(F) | 12 | ①② |
Von Ruden(a) [11] | 2016 | Germany | Cohort study | ABG + (rhBMP-2 or rhBMP-7) | 24 25 | 43 45 | 2 (8%) 9 (36%) | 11 | (C) | 6–54 | ①③④ |
VonRuden(b) [12] | 2016 | Germany | Cohort study | ABG + (rhBMP-2 or rhBMP-7) | 28 45 | 50 49 | 13 (46%) 14 (31%) | 11 13 | (E) | 6–52 | ①② |
Hackl [13] | 2017 | Germany | Cohort study | ABG + rhBMP-7 | 62 50 | 24 (39%) 13 (26%) | (A)(B)(D) | > 12 | ①② | ||
(a)Humerus | 13 9 | 49 51 | 6 (46%) 3 (33%) | 14.8 | |||||||
(b)Femur | 28 13 | 55.2 42.4 | 11 (39%) 2 (15%) | 11.7 | |||||||
(c)Tibia | 21 28 | 51.6 42.3 | 7 (33%) 8 (29%) | 10.3 | |||||||
Liu [14] | 2019 | China | Cohort study | ABG + rhBMP-2 | 22 20 | 42.25 41.57 | 9 (41%) 7 (35%) | 9.37 9.24 | (A)(B)(C) (D) | 6–24 | ①②③④ |