Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
| Author | Year | Country | Study design | Intervention | Sample size (n) | Age (year) | Women [n (%)] | Nonunion | Follow-up time (months) | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observation/control | Time (months) | Site | |||||||||
| Takemoto [10] | 2014 | USA | Cohort study | ABG + rhBMP-2 |
68 50 |
47.4 43.4 |
28 (41%) 15 (30%) | NR |
(A)(B)(C) (D)(E)(F) | 12 | ①② |
|
Von Ruden(a) [11] | 2016 | Germany | Cohort study | ABG + (rhBMP-2 or rhBMP-7) |
24 25 |
43 45 |
2 (8%) 9 (36%) | 11 | (C) | 6–54 | ①③④ |
|
VonRuden(b) [12] | 2016 | Germany | Cohort study | ABG + (rhBMP-2 or rhBMP-7) |
28 45 |
50 49 |
13 (46%) 14 (31%) |
11 13 | (E) | 6–52 | ①② |
| Hackl [13] | 2017 | Germany | Cohort study | ABG + rhBMP-7 |
62 50 |
24 (39%) 13 (26%) | (A)(B)(D) | > 12 | ①② | ||
| (a)Humerus |
13 9 |
49 51 |
6 (46%) 3 (33%) | 14.8 | |||||||
| (b)Femur |
28 13 |
55.2 42.4 |
11 (39%) 2 (15%) | 11.7 | |||||||
| (c)Tibia |
21 28 |
51.6 42.3 |
7 (33%) 8 (29%) | 10.3 | |||||||
| Liu [14] | 2019 | China | Cohort study | ABG + rhBMP-2 |
22 20 | 42.25 41.57 |
9 (41%) 7 (35%) |
9.37 9.24 |
(A)(B)(C) (D) | 6–24 | ①②③④ |