Fig. 2

Characterization of DO-Exos, BF-Exos, and JBMMSCs. a The morphology of Exos revealed by TEM. Left: morphology of DO-Exos; right: morphology of BF-Exos; b the particle size distribution in Exos ascertained by NTA. Left: The particle size distribution in DO-Exo; right: the particle size distribution in BF-Exo; c Western blotting was carried out to detect exosome surface markers (CD63 and TSG101). d Internalization of PKH26-labeled DO-Exos and BF-Exos by JBMMSCs using laser scanning confocal microscopy. e Fusiform morphology of JBMMSCs depicted as light microscopy images. f Oil red staining was used to determine the capability of JBMMSCs to differentiate into lipids. g The capacity of JBMMSCs to differentiate into osteoblasts was determined using Alizarin red staining. h JBMMSCs were stained with Alcian Blue to see whether they could differentiate from cartilage. (i) Flow cytometry was used to examine the surface markers of JBMMSCs. CD90, CD44, and CD146 were all positive, but CD45, CD34, and CD31 were all negative