Components | Young’s modulus (MPa) | Poisson’s ratio | Element type | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cortical bone | 12,000 | 0.3 | C3D8R | [25] |
Cancellous bone | 100 | 0.4 | C3D4 | [29] |
Cortical endplate | 12,000 | 0.3 | C3D8R | [25] |
Posterior element | 3500 | 0.25 | C3D4 | [29] |
Sacrum | 5000 | 0.2 | C3D4 | [27] |
Facet cartilage | Neo-Hookean, C10 = 2 |  | C3D8RH | |
Annulus ground | Mooney–Rivlin, C1 = 0.18, C2 = 0.045 |  | C3D8RH | |
Nucleus pulposus | Mooney–Rivlin, C1 = 0.12, C2 = 0.03 |  | C3D8RH | |
Annulus fibres | Calibrated stress–strain curves |  | Spring | |
Seven ligaments | Calibrated deflection–force curves |  | Spring | |
Cage | 3600 | 0.25 | C3D8R | |
Screws and rods | 110,000 | 0.28 | C3D8R | |
Lateral plate | 110,000 | 0.28 | C3D8R |