Table 1 Participant characteristics and three-dimensional angular rotation values of the scapulothoracic, glenohumeral, and elbow joints
|  | Mean ± SD | Sex difference | ICC (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) | ||||||
Total | Male | Female | P value | Intrarater | Interrater | |
Parameters | ||||||
 Age, years old | 44.4 ± 7.3 | 44.8 ± 7.6 | 44.2 ± 7.2 | 0.731 |  |  |
 Height (cm) | 161.6 ± 8.3 | 170.8 ± 5.9 | 157.3 ± 5.3 | < 0.001* |  |  |
 Weight (kg) | 56.3 ± 9.1 | 64.7 ± 7.5 | 52.3 ± 6.9 | < 0.001* |  |  |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 21.5 ± 2.8 | 22.2 ± 2.7 | 21.2 ± 2.8 | 0.003* |  |  |
Scapulothoracic joint | ||||||
 Upward rotation (°) | 9.2 (5.2–12.5) | 8.6 (5.0–11.8) | 9.4 (5.3–12.9) | 0.547 | 0.999 (0.997–1.000) | 0.994 (0.957–0.999) |
 Internal rotation (°) | 29.0 (24.9–33.3) | 29.3 (24.8–32.6) | 28.7 (24.8–33.6) | 0.820 | 0.998 (0.994–1.000) | 0.999 (0.993–1.000) |
 Anterior tilt (°) | 7.9 (4.3–11.8) | 10.7 (5.6–14.1) | 7.0 (3.3–10.2) | < 0.001* | 0.996 (0.984–0.999) | 0.926 (0.630–0.983) |
Glenohumeral joint | ||||||
 Abduction (°) | 4.5 (0.9–7.8) | 3.1 (0.0–6.9) | 4.9 (1.9–8.5) | 0.068 | 0.998 (0.994–0.999) | 0.982 (0.957–0.993) |
 Internal rotation (°) | 9.0 (2.2–19.0) | 9.8 (2.4–16.3) | 8.5 (1.0–19.2) | 0.761 | 0.953 (0.888–0.981) | 0.953 (0.888–0.981) |
 Extension (°) | 0.3 (− 2.6–3.1) |  − 0.4 (− 3.3–2.6) | 0.6 (− 2.1–3.6) | 0.148 | 0.986 (0.967–0.995) | 0.923 (0.819–0.969) |
Elbow joint | ||||||
 Valgus (°) | 9.8 (6.9–12.4) | 8.1 (5.3–10.5) | 10.4 (7.8–13.1) | < 0.001* | 0.972 (0.931–0.989) | 0.854 (0.668–0.939) |
 Pronation (°) | 90.2 (79.6–99.4) | 86.7 (78.0–98.3) | 90.8 (81.4–99.4) | 0.259 | 0.938 (0.852–0.975) | 0.938 (0.823–0.976) |
 Flexion (°) | 15.5 (13.2–18.1) | 16.1 (13.6–18.7) | 15.2 (12.8–17.3) | 0.123 | 0.986 (0.967–0.995) | 0.834 (0.630–0.931) |