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Table 1 Weighted characteristics of the study population based on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol quartiles

From: Positive association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and bone mineral density in U.S. adults: the NHANES 2011–2018

Direct HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P value

(≤ 1.03)

(1.04–1.27)

(1.28–1.53)

(≥ 1.54)

Age (years)

39.0106 ± 11.1126

38.9466 ± 11.5804

38.5032 ± 11.7201

39.9059 ± 11.9918

 < 0.001

Sex, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

Male

74.9792

62.7495

46.4504

30.4389

 

Female

25.0208

37.2505

53.5496

69.5611

 

Race/ethnicity (%)

    

 < 0.001

Non-Hispanic White

59.6692

58.2902

59.6049

63.9670

 

Non-Hispanic Black

8.7492

11.4206

12.3823

13.9943

 

Mexican American

12.5856

12.5904

10.6419

7.0257

 

Other race/ethnicity

18.9960

17.6988

17.3710

15.0130

 

Education level (%)

    

 < 0.001

Less than high school

18.5713

13.6541

12.9982

9.2219

 

High school

24.5189

24.0084

22.4972

17.4611

 

More than high school

56.9098

62.3374

64.5046

73.2764

 

Body mass index (kg/m2)

31.8799 ± 6.7848

30.2472 ± 6.8351

28.5758 ± 6.5667

25.9654 ± 5.7135

 < 0.001

Income to poverty ratio

2.6766 ± 1.6927

2.8033 ± 1.6928

2.9478 ± 1.6961

3.1525 ± 1.7327

 < 0.001

Moderate activities (%)

    

 < 0.001

Yes

66.1404

66.8268

71.0890

71.5667

 

No

33.8596

33.1732

28.9111

28.4333

 

Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

Yes

47.4587

41.2512

38.1304

36.8058

 

No

52.5413

58.7488

61.8696

63.1942

 

Diabetes, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

Yes

9.1920

6.9572

4.1151

3.0749

 

No

90.8080

93.0428

95.8849

96.9251

 

Hypertension, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

Yes

28.8718

23.2193

20.0259

17.7677

 

No

71.1282

76.7807

79.9741

82.2323

 

ALT (U/L, mean ± SD)

32.4597 ± 22.4577

27.3664 ± 19.2605

23.8974 ± 17.6039

22.3850 ± 18.1097

 < 0.001

AST (U/L, mean ± SD)

27.4443 ± 20.9357

24.7142 ± 16.9187

23.7748 ± 12.4046

25.1923 ± 17.0213

 < 0.001

Total calcium (mg/dL, mean ± SD)

2.3392 ± 0.0849

2.3411 ± 0.0846

2.3426 ± 0.0832

2.3471 ± 0.0826

0.004

Total cholesterol (mg/dL, mean ± SD)

189.0375 ± 43.3731

189.0724 ± 40.7908

189.9795 ± 38.1432

195.3597 ± 36.1897

 < 0.001

Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL, mean ± SD)

4.6346 ± 1.5845

4.6625 ± 1.5595

4.5280 ± 1.4679

4.4968 ± 1.4788

 < 0.001

Serum uric acid (umol/L, mean ± SD)

355.4584 ± 82.2140

333.1933 ± 78.9450

309.9023 ± 74.5913

285.9914 ± 72.9368

 < 0.001

Serum phosphorus (mg/dL, mean ± SD)

1.1865 ± 0.1863

1.1885 ± 0.1723

1.1965 ± 0.1810

1.2208 ± 0.1765

 < 0.001

Lumbar BMD (g/cm2, mean ± SD)

1.0320 ± 0.1466

1.0318 ± 0.1484

1.0401 ± 0.1462

1.0509 ± 0.1511

 < 0.001

  1. Mean ± SD for continuous variables: the P value was calculated by the weighted linear regression model
  2. (%) for categorical variables: the P value was calculated by the weighted chi-square test
  3. BMD bone mineral density
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Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

ISSN: 1749-799X