Fig. 3

Simulation of sternoclavicular and scapulothoracic kinematics during coronal plane elevation and horizontal adduction in a right shoulder. A, B Anterior view. C, D Lateral view. E, F Superior view. The phantom images represent the initial three-dimensional orientation of the bones, while the dark images illustrate the final position at the end of the movement. A global coordinate system is established; thus, the ligament deformation and displacement can be measured and expressed