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Table 2 Outcome measurements for each study included in this meta-analysis

From: Effectiveness of motor imagery for improving functional performance after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Study

Country

Outcome measures

Outcome units

Assessment timing

Results

Paravlic et al. [24]

Italy and UK

Pain evaluated by VAS;

Knee strength;

Knee flexion and extension ROM;

TUG;

OKS

VAS (0–100): points;

Knee strength: Nm/kg;

ROM: degrees;

TUG: seconds;

OKS score: points

Pre-test: 1 day before TKA;

Post-test: 1 month after TKA

VAS → ;

Knee strength↑;

Knee flexion and extension ROM → ;

TUG↓;

OKS↑

Briones-Cantero et al. [23]

Spain

Pain evaluated by VAS;

ROM;

Short-form WOMAC

VAS (0–100): points;

ROM: degrees;

Short-form WOMAC (0–32): points

Pre-test: the 3rd day after TKA for WOMAC; the 2nd day after TKA for other outcomes;

Post-test: the 7th day after TKA

VAS↓;

ROM → ;

WOMAC↓

Paravlic et al. [28]

Slovenia

Knee strength

Knee strength: Nm

Pre-test: 1 day before TKA;

Post-test: 1 month after TKA

Knee strength↑

Moukarzel et al [27]

France

Knee strength;

Peak knee flexion during the swing phase;

TUG;

OKS

Knee strength: N/BMI;

ROM: degrees;

TUG: seconds;

OKS score: points

Pre-test: 6 months after TKA;

Post-test: 4 weeks after the pre-test

Knee strength ↑;

Peak knee flexion during the swing phase ↑;

TUG→;

OKS→

Moukarzel et al. [26]

France and Lebanon

Pain evaluated by VAS;

Knee strength;

Knee flexion and extension ROM;

TUG

VAS (0–100): mm;

Knee strength: N/BMI;

ROM: degrees;

TUG: seconds

Pre-test: the beginning of the first session after TKA

Post-test: 4 weeks after the pre-test

VAS ↓;

Knee strength ↑;

Knee flexion and extension ROM ↑;

TUG→

Zapparoli et al. [25]

Italy

Pain evaluated by VAS;

Knee flexion and extension ROM;

TUG

VAS (0–10): points;

ROM: degrees;

TUG: seconds

Pre-test: entrance rehabilitation unit

Post-test: 11 days after the pre-test

VAS ↓;

Knee flexion and extension ROM ↑;

TUG↓

  1. ROM: Range of motion; TUG: time up and go test; OKS: Oxford knee score; TKA: total knee arthroplasty; VAS: visual analogue scale; WOMAC: the Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index