Study | Country | Total number of participants | Age range | Intervention group | Control group | Experimental period | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of intervention | Imagine content | Imagine dosage | Physical therapy dosage | Type of intervention | Control content | Control dosage | Physical therapy dosage | ||||||
Paravlic et al. [24] | Italy and UK | 13 for Intervention group; 13 for Control group | 50–85 years; Intervention group (61.69 ± 5.19), Control group (58.85 ± 5.24) | Physical therapy with MI | Imagine MviC | 13 min 40 s for the first 2 weeks; 16 min for the following 2 weeks | The therapy time was not be calculated, the treatment lasted for 4 weeks | Physical therapy | – | – | The therapy time was not be calculated, the treatment lasted for 4 weeks | Hospitalization period and home-based intervention | |
Briones-Cantero et al. [23] | Spain | 12 for Intervention group; 12 for Control group | 60–85 years; Intervention group (73 ± 5), Control group (72 ± 6) | Physical therapy with MI | Imagine performing the exercise | The imagine time was not be calculated, the treatment lasted for 5 days | 30 min * 5 days | Physical therapy | – | – | 30 min * 5 days | Hospitalization period | |
Paravlic et al. [28] | Slovenia | 13 for Intervention group; 13 for Control group | 50–85 years; Intervention group (62.2 ± 4.9), Control group (60.0 ± 5.7) | Physical therapy with MI | Imagine MviC | 13 min 40 s for the first 2 weeks; 16 min for the following 2 weeks | The therapy time was not be calculated, the treatment lasted for 4 weeks | Physical therapy | – | – | The therapy time was not be calculated, the treatment lasted for 4 weeks | Hospitalization period and home-based intervention | |
Moukarzel et al. [27] | France | 12 for Intervention group; 12 for Control group | 65–75 years; Mean age (70 ± 2.89) | Physical therapy with MI | Imagine consecutive extension/flexion of the knee, walking for 5 steps with the focus on maximum knee flexion during the swing phase, performing the TUG test | 15 min * 3 days/week * 4 weeks | 45 min * 3 days/week * 4 weeks | Physical therapy with placebo treatment | Explicit world-news discussion | 15 min * 3 days/week * 4 weeks | 45 min * 3 days/week * 4 weeks | Outpatient treatment | |
Moukarzel et al. [26] | France and Lebanon | 10 for Intervention group; 10 for Control group | 65–75 years; Mean age (69.60 ± 3.25) | Physical therapy with MI | Imagine knee flexion and extension | 15 min * 3 days/week * 4 weeks | 45 min * 3 days/week * 4 weeks | Physical therapy with placebo treatment | Free discussion | 15 min * 3 days/week * 4 weeks | 45 min * 3 days/week * 4 weeks | Hospital and outpatient treatment | |
Zapparoli et al. [25] | Italy | 24 for Intervention group; 24 for Control group | 45–80 years; Intervention group (66.2 ± 8.0), Control group (66.6 ± 7.5) | Physical therapy with MI | Imagine standing and gait, knee flexion and extension; Imagine imitating the actor to walk and stand | 30 min * twice a day * 11 days | 70 min/day * 6 days/week * 11 days | Physical therapy with placebo treatment | Non-motoric cognitive functions training (visual memory tasks, words recall tests et al.) | 30 min * twice a day * 11 days | 70 min/day * 6 days/week * 11 days | Hospitalization period |