Table 1 Overview on biologics according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Cell-free orthobiologics

Examples

Platelet rich plasma

[31]

Exosomes

[32]

Amniotic fluid

[33]

Orthobiologics that are based on allogeneic cells

Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from respectively placenta, umbilical cord or umbilical cord blood

[34,35,36]

Allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs)

[37]

Allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)

[38]

Orthobiologics that are based on autologous cells

Autologous ADRCs

[20]

Autologous ADSCs

[39]

Autologous, micro-fragmented fat (from liposuction)

[40]

Bone marrow aspirate concentrate

[41]

Autologous BM-MSCs

[42]

Chondrocyte transplants

[43]

Autologous, activated peripheral blood stem cells

[44]

Other orthobiologics

Tissue-engineered patches

[45]

Cadaver grafts

[46]

Modulation of the immune system

[47]

Other biologics with currently limited or no relevance in orthopedics

Recombinant therapeutic proteins

Allergenics

Vaccines

Gene therapy