Effects of cervical rotatory manipulation on the cervical spinal cord: a finite element study

Xue, Fan; Chen, Zujiang; Yang, Han; Chen, Taijun; Li, Yikai

doi:10.1186/s13018-021-02885-6

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

Table 1 Material properties and element types used in the current model

From: Effects of cervical rotatory manipulation on the cervical spinal cord: a finite element study

Component	Element type	Material type	Material parameters	Cross-sectional area (mm²)	References
Cortical bone	Solid, C3D8R^a	Elastic	E^c = 12,000 MPa	–	Huang et al. [20]
Cortical bone	Solid, C3D8R^a	Elastic	υ^d = 0.29	–	Huang et al. [20]
Cancellous bone	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	E = 450 MPa	–	Huang et al. [20]
Cancellous bone	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	υ = 0.29	–	Huang et al. [20]
Zygapophysial cartilage	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	E = 10 MPa	–	Huang et al. [20]
Zygapophysial cartilage	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	υ = 0.3	–	Huang et al. [20]
Annulus fibrosus	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	E = 450 MPa	–	Huang et al. [20]
Annulus fibrosus	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	υ = 0.4	–	Huang et al. [20]
Nucleus pulpous	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	E = 1 MPa	–	Huang et al. [20]
Nucleus pulpous	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	υ = 0.49	–	Huang et al. [20]
Endplate	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	E = 1200 MPa	–	Huang et al. [20]
Endplate	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	υ = 0.29	–	Huang et al. [20]
Grey matter	Solid, C3D8R	Hyperelastic (Ogden)	μ^e = 4.1 kPa, α^f = 14.7	–	Ichihara et al. [28]
White matter	Solid, C3D8R	Hyperelastic (Ogden)	μ = 4.0 kPa, α = 12.5	–	Ichihara et al. [28]
Pia matter	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	E = 39.3 MPa	–	Jannesar et al. [25]
Pia matter	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	υ = 0.3	–	Jannesar et al. [25]
Dura matter	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	E = 80 MPa	–	Persson et al. [27]
Dura matter	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	υ = 0.49	–	Persson et al. [27]
DLs	3D truss, T3D2^b	Elasticplastic	Stress–strain curve	0.01	Polak et al. [23]
Nerve rootlet	3D truss, T3D2	Elasticplastic	Stress–strain curve	0.03	Singh et al. [24]
Nerve root	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	E = 1.3 MPa	–	Nishida et al. [21]
Nerve root	Solid, C3D8R	Elastic	υ = 0.3	–	Nishida et al. [21]
CSF	Solid	Mie–Grüneisen equations of state, Newtonian fluid	co^g = 1,381,700 mm/s	–	Jannesar et al. [25] Panzer et al. [22]
			s^h = 1.979
			Γ0ⁱ = 0.11
			μ^j = 0.0008 Pa s

DLs, denticulate ligaments; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
^aAn 8-node linear brick, reduced integration, hourglass control
^bA 2-node linear 3D truss
^cElasticity modulus
^dPoisson's ratio
^eShear modulus
^fStrain hardening index
^gSound velocity
^hA constant define the linear relationship between the shock velocity and the particle velocity
ⁱMie–Grüneisen ratio (A material constant)
^jViscosity

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ISSN: 1749-799X

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