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Table 1 Increasing angles via the posterior approach from the piriformis to the obturator externus. The muscle name indicates the increased angle measured after muscle resection. The data are presented as averages ± standard deviations

From: Impacts of external rotators and the ischiofemoral ligament on preventing excessive internal hip rotation: a cadaveric study

 

Piriformis

Superior gemellus

Obturator internus

Inferior gemellus

Obturator externus

Ischiofemoral ligament

Hip flexion 0°

1.8° ± 1.0°

3.2° ± 0.5°

2.7° ± 0.8°

3.4° ± 1.7°

3.8° ± 1.1°

8.4° ± 5.1°

Hip flexion 30°

1.6° ± 1.3°

2.6° ± 1.3°

3.8° ± 1.1°

4.7° ± 1.3°

4.6° ± 1.3°

15.5° ± 5.7°

Hip flexion 60°

1.6° ± 1.1°

2.0° ± 0.9°

2.1° ± 2.0°

1.1° ± 2.9°

2.5° ± 3.8°

10.2° ± 5.8°