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Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria of patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain enrolled in this study

From: Efficacy and safety of treating chronic nonspecific low back pain with radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT), rESWT combined with celecoxib and eperisone (C + E) or C + E alone: a prospective, randomized trial

Inclusion criteria

 Adults (both male and female) with nonspecific low back pain for more than three months

 Age range: between 18 and 80 years

 Willingness of the patient to participate in the study, and written informed consent signed and personally dated by the patient

Chronic nonspecific low back pain clinically diagnosed as repeated lumbar sourness and swelling pain or a chronic progressive process, accompanied by (i) X-ray examination to exclude lumbar vertebrate fractures, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis and severe osteoporosis, and/or (ii) MRI with normal signal or low nucleus pulposus signal

 No contraindications of rESWT or treatment with celecoxib and eperisone

Exclusion criteria

 Children and teenagers below the age of 18

 Elderly aged > 80 years old

 No willingness of the patient to participate in the study, and/or written informed consent not signed and not personally dated by the patient

 Previous spinal fracture or spinal surgery

 Protrusion of a lumbar intervertebral disk, ankylosing spondylitis, scoliosis, lumbar spondylolisthesis and lumbar spondylolysis

 Systemic disorders and psychiatric disorders

 Contraindications of rESWT (pregnancy, presence of blood-clotting disorders (including local thrombosis), presence of local tumors, local bacterial and/or viral infections (including lumbar vertebral tuberculosis), treatment with oral anticoagulants and/or local corticosteroid applications in the period of six weeks before the first rESWT session (if applicable)

 Contraindications of treatment with celecoxib and eperisone (allergy to celecoxib, eperisone or sulfonamides, presence of gastrointestinal bleeding or bleeding history, renal dysfunction and/or severe heart failure, and lactating women)

 Participation in any other clinical trial in the period of 12 weeks before potential inclusion in this study