Evaluation of 3D vertebral and pelvic position by surface topography in asymptomatic females: presentation of normative reference data

Table 2 Global parameters and literature review comparison in three planes of entire, younger, and older group

Coronal plane	Trunk imbalance (VP–DM)		Maximum apical deviation		Shoulder obliquity		Pelvic obliquity
Coronal plane	(mm)	(°)	(mm) (+ max)	(mm) (− max)	(mm)	(°)	(mm)	(°)
EG; n = 100	− 1.9 ± 8.9	− 0.2 ± 1.1	2.9 ± 2.8	− 5.1 ± 3.7	− 8.2 ± 9.6	− 1.2 ± 1.5	− 0.2 ± 2.2	− 0.1 ± 1.2
EG vs. 0	.033*	.033*	.000*	.000*	.000*	.000*	.412	.394
t-value (df = 99)	− 2.2	− 2.2	10.4	− 14.0	− 8.6	− 8.6	− 0.8	− 0.9
Cohen’s d	0.2	0.2	1.0	1.4	0.9	0.9	0.1	0.1
YG	− 2.6 ± 7.5	− 0.3 ± 0.9	3.2 ± 3.0	− 4.4 ± 3.6	− 7.3 ± 8.9	− 1.1 ± 1.3	− 0.2 ± 2.2	− 0.1 ± 1.2
OG	− 1.2 ± 10.2	− 0.2 ± 1.2	2.6 ± 2.6	− 5.8 ± 3.7	− 9.2 ± 10.2	− 1.4 ± 1.6	− 1.2 ± 2.1	− 0.1 ± 1.1
YG vs. OG	.422	.463	.303	.058	.346	.343	.929	.916
Literature comparison
Degenhardt, et al. [10]	1.0 ± 7.2	0.1 ± 0.8	7.9 ± 5.8 ‡	− 5.0 ± 4.1	n.v.	n.v.	0.2 ± 5.9	0.0 ± 3.5
Degenhardt, et al. [11]	1.3 ± 5.6	0.2 ± 0.7	8.0 ± 5.1	− 4.6 ± 2.9	n.v.	n.v.	− 0.1 ± 5.1	− 0.2 ± 2.9
Schröder et al. [12]	6.9 ± 4.6	n.v.	n.v.	n.v.	n.v.	n.v.	3.1 ± 2.5	n.v.
Hamm [13], Michalik et al. [14]	n.v.	− 0.1 ± 0.9	n.v.	n.v.	n.v.	n.v.	n.v.	− 0.4 ± 2.8

Sagittal plane	Trunk inclination (VP–DM)		Thoracic kyphosis (ICT–ITL)	Lumbar lordosis (ITL–ILS)	Pelvic inclination (dimples)
Sagittal plane	(mm)	(°)	(°)	(°)	(°)
EG; n = 100	25.4 ± 17.2	3.1 ± 2.1	47.3 ± 8.5	43.8 ± 9.1	18.7 ± 9.0
EG vs. 0	.000*	.000*	.000*	.000*	.000*
t-value (df = 99)	14.8	14.8	55.8	47.9	20.8
Cohen’s d	1.5	1.5	5.6	4.8	2.1
YG	25.7 ± 16.9	3.2 ± 2.1	44.2 ± 7.9	41.5 ± 9.2	20.5 ± 8.0
OG	25.1 ± 17.6	3.0 ± 2.1	50.4 ± 7.9	46.1 ± 8.6	16.9 ± 9.6
YG vs. OG	.874	.782	.000*	.011*	.042*
Literature comparison
Degenhardt, et al. [10]	26.0 ± 18.7	3.1 ± 2.3	48.1 ± 9.1	35.6 ± 8.4	17.9 ± 6.0
Degenhardt, et al. [11]	n.v.	n.v.	48.5 ± 8.3	35.4 ± 7.6	19.7 ± 7.3 (symm. line)
Schröder et al. [12]	12.3 ± 17.9	n.v.	47.1 ± 8.6	42.7 ± 8.2	21.9 ± 4.8 ^†
Hamm [13], Michalik et al. [14]	n.v.	2.1 ± 2.4	44.0 ± 8.6 (VP–T12)	37.4 ± 9.8 (T12–DM)	n.v.

Global parameters (mean ± SD) and literature review comparison in coronal, sagittal, and transversal plane of entire group (EG) and their p -, t-values and Cohen’s d. *: p < 0.05; parameters of the younger (YG) and older group (OG) and their p values; †: Parameter not clearly assigned (compare Discussion), ‡: Uncertain value (compare Discussion) Degenhardt, et al. [10]; n = 30 women and men, 30.2 ± 9.8 years; Degenhardt, et al. [11]; n = 29 women and men, 30.1 ± 10.1 years; Schröder et al. [12], n = 89 women, 26.4 ± 4.5 years; Hamm [13] and Michalik et al. [14], n = 56, women, 23.6 ± 2.0 years

ISSN: 1749-799X