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Table 1 Specific parameters in coronal, sagittal, and transversal plane, of entire, younger, and older group

From: Evaluation of 3D vertebral and pelvic position by surface topography in asymptomatic females: presentation of normative reference data

Specific parameters

VP

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

L1

L2

L3

L4

Coronal plane: vertebral lateral flexion (°)

EG

− 0.9 ± 2.5

− 1.4 ± 2.7

− 1.8 ± 3.2

− 1.5 ± 3.3

− 0.8 ± 3.1

0.0 ± 2.6

0.8 ± 2.0

1.1 ± 1.8

1.1 ± 2.0

0.9 ± 2.0

0.7 ± 1.9

0.6 ± 2.0

0.6 ± 2.1

0.3 ± 1.8

0.1 ± 1.9

0.3 ± 2.7

0.8 ± 3.3

EG vs. 0

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.012*

.861

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.001*

.003*

.009*

.084

.698

.309

.014*

t-value

− 3.7

− 5.0

− 5.6

− 4.5

− 2.5

0.2

3.9

6.2

5.6

4.4

3.5

3.1

2.7

1.7

0.4

1.0

2.5

Cohen’s d

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.3

0.0

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.40

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.0

0.1

0.2

YG

− 0.7 ± 2.2

− 1.0 ± 2.5

− 1.3 ± 2.9

− 0.9 ± 3.0

− 0.2 ± 3.0

0.4 ± 2.6

1.0 ± 2.0

1.1 ± 1.9

1.0 ± 1.9

0.9 ± 1.8

0.8 ± 1.7

0.8 ± 2.0

0.5 ± 2.0

0.0 ± 1.4

− 0.3 ± 1.6

0.1 ± 2.6

0.9 ± 3.1

OG

− 1.2 ± 2.7

− 1.7 ± 3.0

− 2.3 ± 3.4

− 2.1 ± 3.4

− 1.4 ± 3.2

− 0.4 ± 2.6

0.6 ± 2.0

1.2 ± 1.8

1.2 ± 2.1

0.9 ± 2.2

0.5 ± 2.1

0.5 ± 2.0

0.6 ± 2.2

0.6 ± 2.1

0.4 ± 2.0

− 0.3 ± 2.9

− 0.8v3.6

YG vs. OG

.343

.213

.099

.062

.076

.124

.393

.738

.580

.999

.485

.456

.841

.105

.045*

.456

.903

Sagittal plane: vertebral flexion/extension (°)

EG

29.6 ± 6.6

27.5 ± 6.3

21.6 ± 6.2

15.2 ± 5.0

11.2 ± 4.3

8.7 ± 4.1

6.3 ± 3.8

3.7 ± 3.7

− 0.5 ± 3.6

− 6.1 ± 3.7

− 11.5 ± 4.0

− 16.1 ± 4.6

− 18.8 ± 5. 6

− 18.1 ± 5.9

− 13.6 ± 6.1

− 2.2 ± 7.4

13.2 ± 6.5

EG vs. 0;

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.159

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.004*

.000*

t-value

44.9

43.5

35.0

30.4

26.3

21.3

16.5

9.9

− 1.4

− 16.4

− 28.5

− 35.0

− 33.8

− 30.7

− 22.3

− 2.9

20.1

Cohen’s d

4.5

4.4

3.5

3.0

2.6

2.1

1.7

1.0

0.1

1.6

2.9

3.5

3.4

3.1

2.2

0.3

2.0

YG

27.2 ± 5.3

25.7 ± 5.5

20.8 ± 6.1

14. 8 ± 5.1

10.8 ± 4.2

8.2 ± 3.9

6.1 ± 3.5

3.6 ± 3.5

− 0.4 ± 3.5

− 5.7 ± 3.6

− 11.0 ± 3.9

− 15.3 ± 4.6

− 17.6 ± 5.7

− 16.8 ± 5.9

− 12.8 ± 6.3

− 1.5 ± 7.4

12.7 ± 6.7

OG

32.1 ± 6.9

29.4 ± 6.6

22.5 ± 6.2

15.6 ± 4.9

11.6 ± 4.3

9.1 ± 4.3

6.6 ± 4.1

3.7 ± 3.9

− 0.7 ± 3.6

− 6.4 ± 3.9

− 12.0 ± 4.1

− 17.0 ± 4.5

− 20.0 ± 5.2

− 19.4 ± 5.6

− 4.4 ± 5.8

− .8 ± 7.4

13.6 ± 6.4

YG vs. OG

.000*

.002*

.161

.422

.331

.249

.465

.808

.664

.324

.205

.052

.028*

.025*

.168

.376

.504

Transversal plane: vertebral rotation (°)

EG

0.0 ± 0.2

0.18 ± 0.4

0.1 ± 0.7

0.2 ± 1.3

0.2 ± 2.2

0.0 ± 3.1

− 0.4 ± 3.7

− 1.0 ± 3.9

− 1.6 ± 3.8

− 1.9 ± 3.7

− 2.2 ± 3.5

− 2.2 ± 3.5

− 2.2 ± 3.5

− 2.0 ± 3.5

− 1.5 ± 3.2

− 0.8 ± 2.4

− 0.3 ± 1.4

EG vs. 0

.068

.040*

.054

.141

.401

.990

.244

.011*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.000*

.001*

.043*

t-value

1.8

2.1

2.0

1.5

0.8

0.0

− 1.2

− 2.6

− 4.1

− 5.3

− 6.1

− 6.4

− 6.3

− 5.7

− 4.6

− 3.3

− 2.0

Cohen’s d

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.3

0.2

YG

0.3 ± 0.2

0.0 ± 0.4

0.0 ± 0.6

0.0 ± 1.1

− 0.1 ± 1.9

− 0.4 ± 2.8

− 0.9 ± 3.4

− 1.4 ± 3.6

− 1.9 ± 3.7

− 2.2 ± 3.6

− 2.4 ± 3.4

− 2.5 ± 3.1

− 2.5 ± 3.0

− 2.2 ± 3.1

− 1.6 ± 2.9

− 0.7 ± 2.2

− 0.2 ± 1.3

OG

0.1 ± 0.2

0.1 ± 0.4

0.2 ± 0.8

0.4 ± 1.5

0.5 ± 2.4

0.4 ± 3.4

0.0 ± 4.0

− 0.6 ± 4.1

− 1.2 ± 3.9

− 1.7 ± 3.8

− 1.9 ± 3.7

− 1.9 ± 3.8

− 1.8 ± 3.9

− 1.7 ± 3.8

− 1.4 ± 3.5

− 0.9 ± 2.6

− 0.4 ± 1.5

YG vs. OG

.498

.219

.164

.186

.193

.204

.217

.278

.393

.474

.456

.355

.321

.460

.797

.727

.431

  1. Specific parameters in coronal, sagittal, and transversal plane (mean ± SD) of entire group (EG) and their p-, t-values (df = 99) and Cohen’s d; *: p < 0.05; parameters of younger (YG) and older group (OG) and their p-values