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Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

From: 3D printing-assisted extended lateral approach for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Inclusion criteria

1. Type of study Clinical study on preoperative planning of DICFs using ELA with the aid of 3D printing technology, in Chinese and English only

2. Study population Inclusion of fractures of the calcaneal diagnosed by X-ray and CT, fracture line involving the articular surface, Sanders classification [35] (type II, III, IV), age ≥ 18 years, no gender restriction

3. Interventions 3D printing-assisted versus non-3D printing-assisted ELA for DICFs

4. Outcome indicators excellent rate of calcaneal fracture outcomes (evaluated using the Maryland scale [36]), operative time, intraoperative bleeding, number of X-ray fluoroscopies, postoperative complications

Exclusion criteria

1. Data were not authentic or detailed and could not be extracted

2. Exclusion of those with other incisions or additional other incisions

3. Exclusion of those with other serious injuries (e.g., multiple fractures), lesions (e.g., arthritis), and a history of surgery (e.g., revision in this case), serious systemic diseases (e.g., inflammatory or metabolic diseases) that prevented surgery, etc