Table 1 Characteristics of the studied included
From: Complex ruptures of the quadriceps tendon: a systematic review of surgical procedures and outcomes
Nr. of reference | No. of patients | Gender | Mean age | Mechanism of rupture | Time before surgery | Type of lesion/rerupture | Associated injury/comorbidities | Type of surgery | Complications | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[25] Bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture in a seasoned marathon runner with patellar spurs. (2011) Assiotis et al. | 1 | M | 63 | Tripped on a step and fell down, landing on both knees | 42 days | Bilateral QT ruptures | None | Three separate Krakow-type sutures +three separate drilled tunnels in the patella and secured over the distal pole | None | |
[29] The hemisoleus rotational flap provides a novel superior autograft reconstructive option for the treatment of chronic extensor mechanism disruption. (2016) Auregan et al. | 1 | F | 80 | 6 weeks after TKA during active extension of the knee against resistance | 210 days | QT rerupture | None | Medial gastrocnemius-soleus-calcaneus rotational flap | None | |
[32] Allograft reconstruction of a chronic quadriceps tendon rupture with use of a novel technique. (2014) Forslund et al. | 1 | M | 47 | Primary tear: descending from a cinderblock; Re-tear: during physical therapy | 1°: 210 days 2°: 365 days | Full thickness after QT rerupture | Hypertension | 1°: quadriceps tendon V-Y advancement 2°: Achilles tendon-bone block allograft | None | |
[40] Simultaneous chronic rupture of quadriceps tendon and contra-lateral patellar tendon in a patient affected by tertiary hyperparatiroidism. (2008) Grecomoro et al. | 1 | M | 48 | Giving way of the left knee during walking and a secondary fall | 40 days | Full thickness of the distal insertion of QT | Chronic renal failure, tertiary hyperparathyroidism | Codivilla’s Y/V technique | None | |
[41] Neglected rupture of the quadriceps tendon in a patient with chronic renal failure (case report and review of the literature). (2014) Hassani et al. | 1 | M | 32 | Common fall | 60 days | Full thickness of the QT at the osteo-tendinous junction with retraction of 3 cm + calcifications | Chronic renal failure, with hemodialysis dependence for 5 years | Codivilla’s Y/V technique | None | |
[22] Bilateral extensor mechanism allograft reconstruction for chronic spontaneous rupture: a case report and review of the literature. (2019) Lamberti et al. | 1 | F | 51 | Acute failure of the left knee while getting up from a chair | 480 days | Full-thickness lesion on the left QT | End-stage renal failure + full-thickness lesion on the right patellar tendon | A full extensor mechanism allograft | None | |
[36] Surgical treatment of neglected traumatic quadriceps tendon rupture with knee ankylosis. (2016) Lee et al. | 1 | M | 15 | Motorcycle accident | 270 days | Chronic QT rupture + a patellar superior pole avulsion fracture of the left knee + nonunion of the left proximal tibia fracture | Open fracture of the left femur shaft + an intra-articular fracture of the proximal tibia | QT reconstruction using tibialis anterior allograft and additional screw fixation | None | |
[17] Reconstruction of a chronic quadriceps tendon tear in a body builder. (2006) Leopardi et al. | 1 | M | 28 | Car accident | 210 days | Full-thickness tear of the quadriceps tendon proximal to the superior pole of the patella | Anabolic steroid use | QT reconstruction using gracilis and semitendinosus autograft | None | |
[42] Neglected ipsilateral simultaneous ruptures of patellar and quadriceps tendon (2015) Karahasanoglu et al. | 1 | M | 40 | Fall from a standing height | 730 days | Chronic full-thickness and QT retraction | Ipsilateral patellar tendon rupture | Peroneus longus autograft | None | |
[43] Bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture and coexistent femoral neck fracture in a patient with chronic renal failure. (2007) Kazimoglu et al. | 1 | F | 37 | Two consecutive falls | 60 days | Bilateral QT ruptures | Chronic renal failure, with hemodialysis for 2 years | Tycron transpatellar suture anchors | None | |
[28] Autologous hamstring tendon used for revision of quadiceps tendon tears. (2013) McCormick et al. | 1 | M | 38 | Primary tear: playing basketball Re-tear: fall from standing height | 1°: immediatly 2°: 300 days after the rerupture | Complete QT rerupture | None | Bilateral hamstring autograft through a QT weave and a transosseous patellar repair | None | |
[44] Chronic Quadriceps Tendon Rupture After Total Knee Arthroplasty Augmented With Synthetic Mesh. (2017) Ormaza et al. | 3 | 2 M 1 F | 67,5 | One patient experienced trauma 1 year after TKA revision surgery; one patient 6 months after TKA revision surgery; one patient 2 years after TKA revision surgery | 148 days | Full thickness | One of them had a hystory of hemochromatosis | End-to-end sutures No. 5 Ethibond and reinforcement with MUTARS synthetic mesh | None | |
[35] Knee osteoarthritis with chronic quadriceps tendon rupture treated with total knee arthroplasty and extensor mechanism allograft reconstruction: a case report. (2018) Piatek et al. | 1 | M | 51 | Traumatic fall | 90 days | Chronic full-thickness and QT retraction | Tricompartmental knee osteoarthritis | TKA + complete knee extensor mechanism allograft | None | |
[45] Delayed reconstruction of a quadriceps tendon. (2008) Pocock et al. | 1 | F | 80 | Common fall | 2920 days | Chronic full-thickness and QT retraction | Hypertension | Four FiberWire1 (Arthrex Ltd, Sheffield, England) sutures | None | |
[30] Chronic rupture of the extensor apparatus of the knee joint. (2005) Poonnoose et al. | 1 | M | 50 | Common fall | 4380 days | Chronic full-thickness and QT retraction | Comminuted patellar fracture treated with patellectomy | Controlateral ileo-tibial band autograft | None | |
[19] Quadriceps tendon repair using hamstring, prolene mesh and autologous conditioned plasma augmentation. A novel technique \for repair of chronic quadriceps tendon rupture. (2015) Rehman et al. | 1 | M | 61 | Rerupture after primary repair | 300 days | Chronic full thickness | Hypertension + glaucoma | QT reconstruction using semitendinosus and gracilis autograft + prolene mesh reinforcement + PRP injection | None | |
[46] Chronic quadriceps rupture: treatment with lengthening and early mobilization without cerclage augmentation and a report of three cases. (2008) Rizio et al. | 3 | 1 M 2 F | 46,75 | One patient fell down a flight of stairs; One patient injured his knee while jumping in church during prayers; One patient fell while stepping off a curb | 240 days | Chronic full thickness | Hypertension, Hypercolesterolaemia, Obesity + obesity + hip and chronic back pain | V-Y lengthening and direct repair through drill holes in the patella without augmentation | None | |
[18] Repair of ruptured quadriceps tendon with Leeds-Keio ligament following revision knee surgery. (2008) Rust et al. | 1 | F | 86 | Four months after TKA revision surgery | 120 days | Chronic full-thickness + 10-cm QT retraction | None | Leeds-Keio graft inserted in an 8 shape and sutured to the periosteum | None | |
[23] Modified V-Y turndown flap augmentation for quadriceps tendon rupture following total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective study. (2019) Shi et al. | 23 | 10 M 13 F | 61 | Fall from a standing height after TKA | 21 days (range, 14 to 56 days) | Complete quadriceps tendon rupture following TKA + 1rerupture | Obesity, diabetes, chronic dialysis, steroid dependence (12pt) | V-Y turndown flap | 1 hematoma and delayed wound healing 1 fall and rerupture after 24 months | |
[47] A simultaneous bilateral quadriceps and patellar tendons rupture in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing long-term hemodialysis: a case report. (2020) Tao et al. | 2 | M | 33,5 | 1 fall down the stairs 1 sudden twist | bilateral QT ruptures | Chronic renal failure, with hemodialysis dependence for 9 and 11 years | Krackow sutures | None | ||
[37] Extensor Mechanism Reconstruction with Use of Marlex Mesh. (2019) Abdel et al. | 27 | 10 M 17 F | 67 | Rupture after TKA | 219 days | Complete QT rupture | Obesity, diabetes, coronary artery diease, hypertension, OA, rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson, cancer (leukemia, breast cancer, bladder cancer) | Marlex Mesh augmentation | 5 QT re-ruptures that required mesh revision | |
[38] Polypropylene mesh augmentation for complete quadriceps rupture after total knee arthroplasty. (2016) Nodzo et al. | 7 | 2 M 5 F | 58,7 | Rupture after TKA | 90 days | Complete QT rupture | Diabetes, rheumathoid arhtritis, chronic pulmunary disease with steroid use, HCV, drug abuse, smoke, chronic renal failure | Polypropylene mesh augmentation | 2 QT reruptures and 2 QT rerupture with infections | |
[33] Reconstruction of disrupted extensor mechanism after total knee arthroplasty. (2017) Lim et al. | 3 | 2 M 1 F | 59 | Rupture after TKA | 205 days | Chronic full thickness | GERD, Pulmunary embolism, diabetes, hypothyroid, asthma, hypertension, stroke, smoke | Achilles tendon allograft | 1 deep infection and graft failure | |
[34] Long-term results of extensor mechanism reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft after total knee arthroplasty. (2018) Wise et al. | 6 | 3 M 3 F | 68 | Rupture after TKa | Complete QT rupture [5] + 1 bilateral rupture | Hypertension [3], GERD, obesity [3], hypothyroidism, asthma, chronic kidney disease, OA, diabetes [3] | Achilles tendon allograft | Â | ||
[48] Quadriceps tendon rupture after total knee arthroplasty. Prevalence, complications, and outcomes. (2005) Dobbs et al. | 7 | 1 M 6 F | 72 | 3 patients fall, 1 patients while kneeling, 2 patients while walking, 1 patient while rising from a chair | 40 days | QT rupture after TKA, 1 rerupture | Suture | 4 reruptures and 1 chronic recurvatum | ||