Author, date | Sample size (N) | Females/males | Age [mean (SD) in years] | Participants | Study aim | Footprint instrument(s) | Measurements | Static/dynamic protocol | Footprint type classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concolino et∼al., 2006 [7] | C, 100 DS, 50 | C, 68/32 DS, 31/19 | C, 4.8 (range 3–8) DS, 5.6 (range 4–8) | C: children without DS DS: children with DS | To verify the importance of podiatric evaluation in patients with DS for early diagnosis and of minor orthopedic problems | Podoscope (polarized light) Electronic baropodometer (4800 active sensors over 120 cm) | N.S. | Both | Bony deformity of the forefoot, flat foot, isolated calcaneal valgus, knee valgus, and pronated flat foot |
Galli et∼al., 2014 [10] | C, 15 DS, 29 | N.S. | C, 9.2 (5.7) DS, 9.8 (2.3) | C: children without DS DS: children with DS | To quantitatively assess the relationship between the flat foot and the gait alterations in DS children | Pressure-sensitive mat (2016 sensing elements in a 42 × 48 matrix) Matlab® software | Arch Index | Static (barefoot, standing on the mat for 5s) | Flat foot |
Galli et∼al., 2014 [11] | C, 15 DS, 55 | N.S. | C, 9.2 (5.7) DS, 9.6 (1.7) | C: children without DS DS: children with DS | To determine if DS children with the flat foot are characterized by an accentuated external foot rotation during walking | Pressure-sensitive mat (2016 sensing elements in a 42 × 48 matrix) Matlab® software | Arch Index | Static (barefoot, standing on the mat for 5s) | Flat foot |
Galli et∼al., 2016 [12] | HC, 19 HT, 13 HA, 14 DS, 13 | N.S. | HC, 10.10 (1.93) HT, 13.96 (1.14) HA, 37.30 (7.42) DSC, 10.42 (2.46) DST, 17.20 (1.62) DSA: 27.90 (3.69) | HC, HT, HA: subjects without DS DS: subjects with DS (time range of 17 yr) | To quantify foot abnormalities in individuals with DS while standing, in terms of foot-ground interaction parameters from childhood to adulthood | Pressure-sensitive mat (2016 sensing elements in a 42 × 48 matrix) Matlab® software | Arch Index | Static (barefoot, standing on the mat for 5s) | Flat foot, contact pressure |
Gutiérrez-Vilahú et∼al., 2015 [13] | C, 21 DS, 22 | C, 10/11 DS, 11/11 | C: M 20.45 (2.16); F 20 (1.70) DS: M 23.82 (3.12); F 24.82 (6.81) | C: subjects without DS DS: subjects with DS | To analyze, measure, and classify footprints on the basis of gold standard podiatric indices in young people with DS | Optical podoscope (chromed, direct 220 V light, 60 × 45 × 33) Digital camera | Hernández-Corvo Index Chippaux-Smirak Index Staheli Index Clarke Angle | Static (barefoot, standing, and lower limbs in parallel) | Flat foot, pronated foot, cavus foot |
Gutiérrez-Vilahú et∼al., 2016 [6] | 22 | 11/11 | M 23.82 (3.12); F 24.82 (6.81) | Special school students with DS | To assess the reliability and validity of a footprint assessment technique in the population with DS | Optical podoscope (chromed, direct 220 V light, 60 × 45 × 33) Digital camera Photoshop CS5 software | Hernández-Corvo Index Chippaux-Smirak Index Staheli Index Clarke Angle | Static (barefoot, standing, and lower limbs in parallel) | N.S. |
Hassan et∼al., 2020 [14] | 30 | 18/12 | 10.6 (3.9) | Children and adolescents with DS | To determine the reproducibility of measuring foot dimensions of children and adolescents with DS using 3D scanning | FotoScan 3D scanner 3D-Tool© software version 13 | Arch Index | Static (standing in a relaxed, full weight-bearing position) | Forefoot shape |
Lim et∼al., 2015 [15] | 50 | 28/14 | 10.6 (3.9) | Children and adolescents with DS | To determine if there is an association between flat feet, hallux valgus, and footwear-fitting problems with foot-specific disability in children and adolescents with DS | PressureStatTM carbon paper Image analysis software Scion® | Arch Index | Static (standing relaxed) | Flat feet, hallux valgus, toe deformities |
Mansour et∼al., 2017 [5] | C, 53 DS, 55 | C, 26/27 DS, 19/36 | C, 13.5 (11.2) DS, 14.6 (7.4) | C: asymptomatic subjects DS: patients with DS | To investigate the prevalence of foot deformities in patients with DS | Podoscope | N.S. | Static (standing) | Hallux valgus, syndactyly, grade II and grade III pes planus, joint laxity |
Pau et∼al., 2012 [16] | C, 99 DS, 99 | N.S. | C, 9.5 (1.6) DS, 9.7 (1.7) | C: children without DS DS: children with DS | To quantitatively characterize the main foot-ground contact parameters to assess foot evolution with age in young individuals with DS | Pressure-sensitive mat (2016 sensing elements in a 42 × 48 matrix) Matlab® software | Arch Index | Static (barefoot, standing on the mat for 5s) | Flat foot, contact pressure |
Shields et∼al., 2017 [17] | 50 | 22/28 | 10.6 (3.9) | Children and adolescents with DS | To investigate the relationship between foot structure, footwear fit, and levels of physical activity in children and adolescents with DS | PressureStatTM carbon paper Image analysis software Scion® | Arch Index | Static (standing relaxed) | Flat foot, footwear |