Table 1 Demographic data of patients in the 3 groups

Age (years)

55.6 ± 8.6

56.3 ± 11.2

58.3 ± 7.8

0.216

Gender (M/F)

18/20

9/11

13/18

0.903

BMI

25.7 ± 8.5

26.7 ± 7.8

26.3 ± 8.1

0.805

Smoking

13/25

9/11

12/19

0.722

Diagnosis

0.758

 LDH

15

11

13

 LSS

13

5

12

 LS

10

4

6

Surgical level

0.760

 L3−L4

6

1

5

 L4−L5

20

12

16

 L5−S1

12

7

10

Cage subsidence

 Subsidence

6

8

7

0.117

 No subsidence

32

12

24

Blood Loss (mL)

116.6 ± 21.1

120.8 ± 23.9

119.2 ± 19.5

0.172

Operative time (min)

79.6 ± 17.5

82.3 ± 20.8

80.5 ± 21.2

0.236

Follow up (month)

23.3 ± 3.8

22.4 ± 2.5

24.3 ± 5.6

0.372