Study | Study type | Sample | Age, gender, follow-up | Management | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orthopedics | Urology | Neurosurgery | Neurology | Gastrointestinal | Multidisciplinary | ||||
Torosian 2000 [42], USA | Retrospective cohort | - N = 27 (38 feet) - 38 feet in 27 patients,17 right and 21 left - Thoracic: 1 (4%) - Low lumbar: 18 (63%) - Sacral: 10 (33%) | - Mean age at surgery: 10.88 ± 2.50 - Gender: 16 (59.2%) males - Mean FU: > 5 years | ✓ | |||||
Sponseller 2000 [41], USA | Retrospective cohort | - N = 48 - Children and adolescents who underwent Scoliosis surgery from 1986 to 1996 | - Mean age at surgery: Infected 14.1 years, uninfected matched group 14 years - Note: CP patients also included - Gender: N/A | ✓ | |||||
Frischhut 2000 [12], Austria | Retrospective cohort | - N = primarily 107 (final 91 patients and 182 feet) - Thoracic: 51 (28%) - Lumbar: 73 (40%) - Sacral: 58 (32%) - Patients with SB born before 1982 | - Patients older than 15 years old - Gender: N/A | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Parsch 2001 [13], Germany | Retrospective cohort | - N = 54 - Patients with surgical management for paralytic scoliosis between 1984 and 1996 | - Mean age at surgery: 13.24 ± 2.09 years - Gender: 45/75 males (initial population before exclusion) - Mean FU: 3.3 years | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Crawford 2003 [20], USA | Retrospective cohort | - N = 11 - Neonates with MM who had a kyphectomy in conjunction with dural sac closure between 1980 and 2000 | - Mean gestational age: 38 weeks - Mean age at surgery: 36 h - Gender: 9 (81.8%) males - Mean FU: 7 years and 4 months (range 44–174 months) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Ozerdemoglu 2003 [43], USA | Retrospective cohort | - N = 105 (26 patients with scoliosis and MMC) - Patients with scoliosis and syringomyelia treated between 1941 and 1998 | - Age: N/A - Gender: 47% males - Mean FU: 12.8 ± 9.6 years (range: 2–45.2 years) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Ulsenheimer 2004 [44], Brazil | Retrospective cohort | - N = 31 - MMC neonates born between 1990 and 2000 | - Median age at MMC correction: 4 days (range 1–44 days) - Mean gestational age: 39.5 ± 1 week - Gender: 16/31 (51.6%) males - Median FU: 24 months (range 6–68 months) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Erol 2005 [26], Turkey | Prospective cohort | - N = 26 (28 hips) - Patients underwent surgery for hip instability between 1998 and 2001 - Patients previously underwent various surgical interventions other than orthopedic procedures, mainly urological and neurosurgical interventions (mean number of previous operations 2; range 1–4) | - Mean age at surgery: 4.5 years (range 3–6 years) - Gender: 16/26 males - Mean FU: 38 months (range 30–48 months) | ✓ | |||||
Lemelle 2006 [45], France | Retrospective cohort | - N = 769 (421 were finally included) - Patients with at least 10 years of age who underwent surgery between 2003 and 2004 - All presented with MMC at the neonatal period | - Mean age: 22.1 years (range 10–47.5 years) - Gender: 191/421 (45%) males - Medically treated for urinary incontinence (n = 191) o Age: 21.7 ± 7.9 o Gender: 104/191 (54.4%) males o FU: N/A - Surgically treated for urinary incontinence (n = 230) o Age: 23.0 ± 7.6 o Gender: 126/230 (54.7%) males o Mean FU after initial surgery: 9.25 years | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Gerlach 2009 [46], USA | Prospective cohort | - N = 36 - 18 patients (28 feet) with MMC and clubfoot between 2001 and 2006 - 20 patients (35 feet) with idiopathic clubfoot prospectively gathered - Both groups managed with the Ponseti method | - Mean age at first cast for MMC patients: 12.4 weeks (range 1.2–25.9 weeks) - Gender: 9/16 males in MMC group - Mean FU for MMC patients:33.8 months (range 25.0–42.7 months) | ✓ | |||||
Huang 2010 [49], China | Retrospective cohort | - N = 10 - Cervical MMC patients | - Median age at management: 3 months (range 9 days–8 years) - Gender: 6 (60%) males | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Akbar 2010 [48], Germany | Retrospective cross-sectional | - N = 862 - Patients with MMC - 92 (10.7%) patients suffered from fractures | - Mean age: 10.2 ± 7.0 years - Gender: 391 (45.4%) males | ✓ | |||||
Akbar 2010 [47], Germany | Retrospective cross-sectional | - N = 32 - MMC patients with Lumbar Kyphosis operated between 1994 and 2008 | - Mean age at surgery: 7.3 ± 3.4 years - Gender: 13/32 (40.6%) males - Mean FU: 7.6 years (range 1.5–14.3 years) | ✓ | |||||
Yildirim 2015 [14], Turkey | Retrospective cohort | - N = 13 - Patients with hip subluxation or dislocation secondary to lower lumbar MMC, surgically treated between 2004 and 2013 | - Mean age at surgery: 6 years (range 21 months–12 years) - Gender: 8/13 (61.5%) males - Median FU: o Muscle transfer group: 36 months (range 14–122 months) o Non-muscle transfer group: 40 months (range 19–66 months) | ✓ | |||||
Wang 2015 [50], USA | Case-control | - N = 226,709 cases and 888,774 controls - Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) data between 2006 and 2010 | - Mean age: 28.23 ± 0.58 years cases and 28.39 ± 0.13 years controls - Gender: 98,365 (43%) males in case group and 386,181 (43%) males in control group - FU: N/A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Januschek 2016 [53], Germany | Prospective cohort | - N = 48 - Meningocele:1 case - MMC: 29 cases - Myeloschisis:18 cases | - Mean gestational age at birth: 38 weeks - Gender: 25 (52%) males - FU: 9 weeks to 8 years | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Altiok 2016 [51], USA | Retrospective cohort | - N = 65 patients (MMC: 43 and Lipomeningocele: 22) - Thoracic and upper levels: 12 - L3–L4: 42 - Sacral: 11 | - Mean age o Tethered cord release: 6.2 years o Definitive spine surgery: 11.6 years - Gender (TCR): 9 (43%) males - Mean FU: 3.8 years | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
El-fadl 2016 [52], Egypt | Prospective cohort | - N = 27 (54 feet) - MMC patients with clubfoot (Talipes equinovarus) | - Mean age at first cast: 5.9 weeks (range: 3–8 weeks) - Gender: 9/24 (37.5%) males - Mean FU: 27 months (range 24–34) | ✓ | |||||
Matar 2017 [54], UK | Retrospective cohort | - N = 11 (18 feet) - 18 MMC-associated clubfoot (7 bilateral deformities) | - Mean age: 4.7 weeks (range 2–8 weeks) - Gender: 4 (36.3%) males - Mean FU: 4.5 years (range 3–9) | ✓ | |||||
Ryabykh 2018 [21], Russia | Retrospective cohort | - N = 20 - Patients with MMC-related spinal deformity | - Mean age at treatment: 6.3 years - Gender: 12 (60%) males - Mean FU: 34.5 months | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Spazzapan 2018 [56], Slovenia | Retrospective cohort | - N = 20 - Patients with MMC treated between 2007 and 2017 | - All patients were operated within the first 48 h of life - Gender: 9/20 (45%) males - Mean follow-up: 7.7 years | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
North 2018 [55], Canada | Retrospective two-time cohorts | - N = 101 (C1) + 51 (C2) - Two cohorts: C1) born with MMC between 1971 and 1981 (data available from previously published work); C2) born with MMC between 1996 and 2006 - Delivery (C2): 51% caesarean section, 49% spontaneous vaginal delivery | - Mean gestational age: 37.8 weeks C1 - Mean age at last FU (83 patients): 13.4 years (range 8.6–19.6 years) - Gender: 56/101 (55%) females C2 - Mean age at last FU (46 patients): 15.7 years (range 10.5–20.3 years) - Gender: 18/46 (39%) females | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Beuriat 2018 [9], France | Retrospective cohort | - N = 46 - MMC children - Sacral or lower lumbar (≤ L4): 27 - Higher lumbar (L1-L3): 5 - Thoracic: 14 - Delivery: 20 cesarean sections and 26 vaginal delivery | - Mean gestational age at birth: 38 weeks and 6 days (range 33 weeks and 3 days–41 weeks) - Gender: 24/46 (52.2%) females - Mean duration of FU: 8.1 ± 4.6 years | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Goldstein 2019 [10], USA | Multidisciplinary, retrospective cohort | - N = 208 - Patients undergoing scoliosis corrective surgery - Prophylactic untethering: 32 concomitant untethering, 21 untethering within 3 months prior, 155 without untethering | - Mean age at treatment: 9.4 years (range: 1–17 years) - Gender: 99 (47.6%) males - FU: 90 days | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Sileo 2019 [57], UK | Retrospective cohort | - N = 241 - Prenatally diagnosed isolated spina bifida - 67 underwent postnatal surgery | Maternal parameters: - Mean maternal age: 30.1 ± 5.9 years - Mean gestational age at diagnosis: 20.8 ± 1.9 weeks - Mean gestational age at birth: 38 ± 2.0 weeks Child parameters - Age at surgery: first few days - Mean age of children at the time of study: 6 years (range 0–18 years) - Mean duration of FU: 8.1 ± 4.1 years | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Beuriat 2019 [11], France | Retrospective Cohort | - N = 29 - MMC with an anatomical level of L4 and below - 12 sacral - 17 lumbar | - Age range at surgery: 0–97 days - Mean age at delivery: o Cesarean section: 38 weeks and 2 days (range 37 weeks and 6 days–39 weeks) o Vaginal delivery: 39 weeks and 2 days (range 37 week and 7 days–41 weeks) - Gender: 13 (44.8%) females - Mean FU: 9.1 ± 4.9 year | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |