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Table 1 Characteristics of the selected articles

From: Comparison of minimally invasive percutaneous fixation and open reduction internal fixation for patella fractures: a meta-analysis

Study

Article type

No. of patients

(Male/Female)

Age

(years)

Type of fracture according to AO/OTA

Intervention

Outcomes

Functional evaluating scale

Follow-up (months)

Rehabilitation

Vicenti et al. (2020) [10]

Prospective study

S: 31 (12/19)

C: 30 (13/17)

S: 69.62 ± 9.88

C: 70.77 ± 8.22

34-C1

S: MIOT with stainless steel wire

C: OS with tension band wiring

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Lysholm

1, 3, 6, 12, and 24

Postoperation day 1: Passive knee motion by using specific electric devices, progressive active mobilization, and static isometric quadriceps exercises + partial weight-bearing with crutches and brace (removed when satisfactory quadricep control was achieved)

Shao et al. (2019) [28]

RCT

S: 21 (14/7)

C: 17 (11/6)

S: 42.2 ± 12.4

C: 40.3 ± 10.5

NM

S: MIS with cable pin system

C: OS with cable pin system

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Bostman

1, 2, and 12

Postoperation day 1: Passive exercise by using a continuous passive motion machine for three 1-h sessions, starting from 0o to 60o, increasing 15o per day until 90o was achieved ± active flexion exercises in prone position

Postoperation day 3: Partial weight-bearing

3 weeks postoperation: Active extension

Radiographically healed: Full weight-bearing

Lin et al. (2015) [27]

RCT

S: 26 (15/11)

C: 26 (13/13)

S: 50.8 ± 16.3

C: 52.5 ± 17.4

45-C1.1

45-C1.2

45-C1.3

S: CRCF

C: ORTF

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Lysholm

3, 6, and 12

Quadricep–femur contraction excises soon after the operation + passive ROM under tolerable wound pain

3 weeks postoperation: Active ROM

8 weeks postoperation: Full weight-bearing

Mao et al. (2013) [26]

RCT

S: 20 (14/6)

C: 20 (11/9)

S: 40.2 ± 10.0

C: 43.5 ± 11.4

NM

S: MICP

C: OSKW

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Bostman

1, 3, 6, 12, and 24

Postoperation day 1: Passive exercise by using a continuous passive motion machine ± active flexion exercises in prone position

Postoperation day 3: Partial weight-bearing

3 weeks postoperation: Active extension

Radiographically healed: Full weight-bearing

Chiang et al., (2011) [20, 25]

Retrospective review

S: 20 (9/11)

C: 40 (15/25)

S: 56.6 ± 14.7

C: 60.2 ± 15.4

45-C1.1

45-C1.3

S: POMC

C: OMATB

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Lysholm

1, 3, 6, 12, and 24

Postoperation day 1: Partial weight-bearing ± passive ROM if pain can be tolerated

3 weeks postoperation: Active ROM

8 weeks postoperation: Full weight-bearing

Luna-Pizarro et al. (2006) [24]

RCT

S: 27 (17/10)

C: 26 (13/13)

S: 51 ± 14.8

C: 44 ± 18.2

45-C1.1

45C1.3

S: PPOS

C: OS with modified tension band

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KSCRS

1, 2, 12, and 24

12 h postoperation: Isometric and isotonic contractions of quadriceps for 30 min four times a day and continued after discharge

  1. AO/OTA, arbeitsgemeinschaft fur osteosynthesefragen/ orthopaedic trauma association; a, pain score; Bostman, Bostman clinical grading scale; b, knee range of motion (flexion/extension); C, control group; CRCF, closed reduction and percutaneous cannulated screw fixation; c, joint functionality; d, operation time; e, incidence of complications; f reoperation rate; g union time; KSCRS Knee Society Clinical Rating Scale, Lysholm Lysholm Knee scoring system, MICP minimally invasive with cable pin technique, MIOT minimally invasive osteosynthesis technique, MIS minimally invasive surgery, NM not mentioned, OMATB open modified anterior tension band technique, ORTF open reduction and tension band wiring fixation, OS open surgery, OSKW conventional open surgery using the K wire tension band method, POMC percutaneous osteosynthesis with modified Carpenter’s technique, PPOS percutaneous patellar osteosynthesis system, RCT randomized controlled trial, ROM range of motion; S, studied group