Table 2 Study characteristics and individual studies results
Authors and year | Type of measurement | Results | Sample size | Age (SD) | Age range | Gender | Ethnicity | BMI (SD) | Study design | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kyphosis (SD) (degrees/cm) | ||||||||||
Amabile et al. 2016 [56] | Cobb T1–T12 | 49 (±13) | 69 | 26.3 | 18–40 | Mix | Europeans |  | Retrospective, observational | |
Cobb T4–T12 | 35.1 (±11.5) | |||||||||
Bakouny et al. 2017 [37] | Cobb T1–T12 | 51 (±7.9) 47.7 (±9.1) 49.4 (±8.6) | 48 44 92 | 21.5 21.5 21.5 | 18–28 18–28 18–28 | Male Female Mix | Asians | 25.1 (±3.3) 21.8 (±2.4) 23.5 (±3.4) | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Cobb T2–T12 | 50.8 (±8.8) 47.4 (±10.1) 49.2 (±9.5) | |||||||||
Cobb T4–T12 | 43.1 (±8.8) 41 (±10.4) 42.1 (±9.6) | |||||||||
Bassani et al. 2019 [20] | Cobb T1–T12 | 49.4 (±13.6) 54.4 (±13.2) 63.3 (±11.3) | 44 83 27 | 66 74 83 | 60–69 70–79 x > 79 | Mix | Europeans | 25 (±3) 26 (±3) 25 (±3) | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Cobb T4–T12 | 40.8 (±10) 48 (±12.1) 57.7 (±10.8) | |||||||||
Endo et al. 2014 [46] | Cobb T4–T12 | 27.5 (±9.6) | 86 | 35.9 (±11.1) | 23–59 | Mix | Asians |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Endo et al. 2016 [40] | Cobb T4–T12 | 30.5 (±8.3) 24.1 (±10.4) 27.8 (±9.7) | 30 22 52 | 35.2 (±10.2) 35.8 (±13.6) 35.4 (±11.6) | 22–50 22–50 22–50 | Male Female Mix | Asians | 21 (±2.7) 21 (±2.7) 21 (±2.7) | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Gangnet et al. 2006 [54] | Cobb T1–T12 | 44.5 (±11.3) | 34 | 30 |  | Mix | Europeans |  | Retrospective, observational | |
Cobb T4–T12 | 35.7 (±7.7) | |||||||||
Gelb et al. 1995 [7] | Cobb T5–T12 | 36 (±11) 32 (±10) 36 (±11) 33 (±14) | 27 27 37 9 |  | 40–49 50–59 60–69 x > 70 | Mix | North Americans |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Granito et al. 2014 [48] | Cobb T1–T12 | 29.99 (±5.12) 36.11 (±3.71) 37.14 (±2.67) | 10 10 10 | 24.6 (±2.27) 43.5 (±2.88) 62.4 (±2.67) |  | Female | South Americans | 20.9 (±1.45) 22.79 (±2.72) 26.2 (±2.32) | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Hammerberg et al. 2003 [61] | Cobb T1–T12 | 52.5 (±12.2) | 50 | 76.3 | 70–85 | Mix | North Americans |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Hasegawa et al 2016 [51] | Cobb T1–T12 | 41.5 (±9.9) | 126 | 39.4 (±11.3) |  | Mix | Asians | 21.1 (±2.4) | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Cobb T4–T12 | 29.6 (±9.2) | |||||||||
Hasegawa et al. 2017 [53] | Cobb T1–T12 | 43.7 (±9) 41 (±10.2) 41.8 (±19.58) | 40 96 136 | 40 39.6 39.7 |  | Male Female Mix | Asians | 21.4 21.4 21.4 | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Hinman 2004 [47] | Flexicurve | 12.19 (±3.71) (cm) 10.02 (±2.43) (cm) | 25 26 | 29.2 72.3 | 21–51 66–68 | Female | North Americans |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Hu et al. 2016 [42] | Cobb T5–T12 | 24.6 (±9.4) 23.5 (±8.5) 24.2 (±9) | 161 111 272 | 23.2 (±3.4) 23.2 (±5.4) 23.2 (±4.4) | 18–45 18–45 18–45 | Male Female Mix | Asians |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Hu et al. 2020 [32] | Cobb T5–T12 | 24.7 (±9.5) 23.8 (±8.5) 22.6 (±7.7) 23.9 (±8.5) 25.2 (±7.5) 27.2 (±8.5) 26.8 (±8.5) 27.4 (±8.5) 28.5 (±7.2) 27.5 (±8.5) 28.6 (±8.8) 28.6 (±8.5) 30.8 (±13.2) 29 (±8.5) | 40 46 40 41 40 42 41 45 40 44 41 40 40 44 |  | 20–29 20–29 30–39 30–39 40–49 40–49 50–59 50–59 60–69 60–69 70–79 70–79 x > 80 x > 80 | Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female | Asians |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Iyer et al. 2016 [6] | Cobb T2–T12 | 46.3 (±6.3) 39.6 (±14.7) 41.2 (±13.3) 37.3 (±10.7) 46 (±11) 43.2 (±11.4) 59.6 (±21) 40.4 (±6.8) 44.5 (±13.2) 48.5 (±15.4) 51.4 (±10.7) 50.9 (±11.2) 52.4 (±11.3) 44.7 (±14.5) 47.7 (±13.6) 46 (±15.7) 54.2 (±16.4) 49.8 (±16.1) | 5 16 21 6 13 19 4 15 19 3 13 16 11 16 27 9 9 18 |  | 21–30 21–30 21–30 31–40 31–40 31–40 41–50 41–50 41–50 51–60 51–60 51–60 61–70 61–70 61–70 x > 71 x > 71 x > 71 | Male Female Mix Male Female Mix Male Female Mix Male Female Mix Male Female Mix Male Female Mix | North Americans | 26.5 (±6.6) 26.5 (±6.6) 26.5 (±6.6) 28.2 (±7) 28.2 (±7) 28.2 (±7) 31.4 (±7.8) 31.4 (±7.8) 31.4 (±7.8) 28.2 (±6.2) 28.2 (±6.2) 28.2 (±6.2) 27.4 (±2.7) 27.4 (±2.7) 27.4 (±2.7) 26.8 (±4) 26.8 (±4) 26.8 (±4) | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Iyer et al. 2016 [6] | Cobb T5–T12 | 34.8 (±7.7) 27 (±11.4) 28.9 (±11) 27.8 (±9.9) 37.3 (±10.7) 31.2 (±9.3) 46 (±22.3) 29.1 (±6.4) 32.7 (±12.8) 39.9 (±11.2) 37.9 (±12.8) 38.3 (±12.2) 39.5 (±8.7) 34.4 (±15.6) 36.4 (±13.3) 33.3 (±13.3) 44 (±16) 38.3 (±15.2) | 5 16 21 6 13 19 4 15 19 3 13 16 11 16 27 9 9 18 |  | 21–30 21–30 21–30 31–40 31–40 31–40 41–50 41–50 41–50 51–60 51–60 51–60 61–70 61–70 61–70 x > 71 x > 71 x > 71 | Male Female Mix Male Female Mix Male Female Mix Male Female Mix Male Female Mix Male Female Mix | North Americans | 26.5 (±6.6) 26.5 (±6.6) 26.5 (±6.6) 28.2 (±7) 28.2 (±7) 28.2 (±7) 31.4 (±7.8) 31.4 (±7.8) 31.4 (±7.8) 28.2 (±6.2) 28.2 (±6.2) 28.2 (±6.2) 27.4 (±2.7) 27.4 (±2.7) 27.4 (±2.7) 26.8 (±4) 26.8 (±4) 26.8 (±4) | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Janssen et al. 2009 [36] | Cobb T4–T12 | 37 (±7.3) 35 (±10) | 30 30 | 27 26 |  | Male Female | Europeans | 21.9 21.4 | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Kim et al. 2014 [31] | Cobb T5–T12 | 21.1 (±7.8) 30.1 (±8.6) | 184 158 | 21.2 63.8 | 19–28 53–79 | Male | Asians | 22.4 (±2.1) 23.9 (±2.9) | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Korovessis et al. 1998 [44] | Cobb T4–T12 | 41.8 (±13) | 99 | 52.7 (±15) | 20–79 | Mix | Europeans |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Lafage et al. 2019 [55] | Cobb T1–T12 | 49.5 (±13.3) | 119 | 50.8 (±17) | 22–78 | Mix | North Americans | 28 (±6) | Retrospective, observational | |
Cobb T4–T12 | 41.5 (±12.7) | |||||||||
Cobb T5–T12 | 36.1 (±12.5) | |||||||||
Lee et al. 2015 [49] | Cobb T4–T12 | 28.5 (±9) | 77 | 31.5 (±7.6) | 21–50 | Mix | Asians | 22.6 (±3.7) | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Le Huec et al. 2016 [38] | Cobb T1–T12 | 41.6 (±9.9) | 131 | 35 | 18–76 | Mix | Asians |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Cobb T4–T12 | 29.9 (±9.4) | |||||||||
Cobb T1–T12 | 41.1 (±9.8) | 147 | 39.6 | 18–76 | Mix | Europeans | ||||
Cobb T4–T12 | 33.7 (±8.9) | |||||||||
Oe et al. 2015 [59] | Cobb T5–T12 | 28.3 (±5.8) 30.3 (±13.1) 32.9 (±11.1) 33.4 (±13.4) 33.8 (±11.3) 36.7 (±14.5) 38.8 (±12.6) 40.4 (±18.7) | 14 22 73 101 108 203 68 67 | 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 | 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 | Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female | Asians | 25.2 (±2.8) 21.3 (±2.8) 23.1 (±3.3) 22.8 (±3.3) 22.7 (±2.6) 22.3 (±2.7) 22.1 (±2.8) 22.3 (±3.5) | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Park et al. 2013 [58] | Cobb T1–T12 | 38.31 (±12.12) 38.69 (±11.08) 39 (±11.52) 41 (±8.05) 26.33 (±21.53) 33.37 (±17.94) | 25 25 50 25 25 50 | 23.4 23.4 23.4 65.8 65.8 65.8 | 20–29 20–29 20–29 60–74 60–74 60–74 | Male Female Mix Male Female Mix | Asians | 20.8 (±3.2) 20.8 (±3.2) 20.8 (±3.2) 23.1 (±3.7) 23.1 (±3.7) 23.1 (±3.7) | Retrospective, observational | |
Pavlovic et al. 2013 [52] | Flexicurve | 3.2 (±2.2) (cm) 3.4 (±2.2) (cm) | 104 138 | 39.5 52 (±4.6) |  | Female | North Americans |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Schwab et al. 2006 [50] | Cobb T4–T12 | 38 (±12) 37 (±9) 44 (±12) | 25 24 22 | 29.8 (±5.8) 47.3 (±7.22) 70.8 (±5.2) | 21–40 41–60 x > 60 | Mix | North Americans |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Sudhir et al. 2016 [39] | Cobb T3–T12 | 32.55 (±10.93) 33.91 (±11.26) 31.17 (±10.5) 30.24 (±9.6) 35 (±11.75) | 101 51 50 52 49 | 44.91 (±15.81) 48.59 (±13.23) 47.16 (±17.41) 32.17 (±10.4) 58.43 (±6.6) | 18–79 18–73 18–79 18–48 50–79 | Mix Female Male Mix Mix | Asians |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Uehara et al. 2019 [41] | Cobb T5–T12 | 25 (±8) 27 (±9) 29 (±8) 31 (±10) 31 (±10) 30 (±11) 31 (±13) 33 (±19) | 50 47 53 61 55 54 45 48 | 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 | 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 | Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female | Asians | 22.7 (±2.9) 22.2 (±2.8) 24.1 (±2.1) 22.3 (±2.8) 22.5 (±3.4) 22.6 (±3.2) 22.4 (±2.8) 23.1 (±3.3) | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Urrutia et al. 2014 [60] | Cobb T5–T12 | 36 | 760 | 66.6 (±11) |  | Mix | South Americans |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Vialle et al. 2005 [57] | Cobb T4–T12 | 40.6 (±10) | 300 | 35.4 (±12) | 20–70 | Mix | Europeans | 23.5 (±3) | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Yang et al. 2017 [34] | Cobb T1–T12 | 36.33 (±10.25) 39.28 (±9.58) 35.78 (±8.9) 36.72 (±11.11) | 311 29 128 183 | 46.2 40.3 40.01 50.52 | 18–78 22–74 | Mix Mix Male Female | Asians |  | Retrospective, observational. | |
Yeh et al. 2018 [35] | Cobb T5–T12 | 35 (±10) 32 (±13) 31 (±13) | 114 135 143 | 28 (±7) 52 (±5) 69 (±6) | 20–40 41–60 61–80 | Mix | Asians |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Yokoyama et al. 2017 [33] | Cobb C7–T12 | 38.8 (±10.4) | 220 | 59 | 20–95 | Mix | Asians |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Yukawa et al. 2018 [43] | Cobb T1–T12 | 34.9 (±8.1) 33.9 (±9.1) 37.3 (±9.1) 33.4 (±9) 35.9 (±8.5) 35.9 (±10.4) 39.4 (±10.5) 35.9 (±10.7) 39.7 (±10) 36 (±11.7) 35 (±11.8) 34.8 (±10.5) | 48 53 51 50 50 57 56 51 50 60 50 50 | 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 | 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 | Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female | Asians |  | Prospective cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |
Zhu et al 2014 [45] | Cobb T5–T12 | 27.6 (±8.7) 28.1 (±10.6) 27.8 (±11.4) | 104 156 260 | 33.8 (±11.6) 34.6 (±10.8) 34.3 (±12.6) |  | Male Female Mix | Asians |  | Cross-sectional cohort study, observational | |