Table 1 Demographic data, clinical features, and complications of KP between the RA and control groups

Patients/vertebrae

98/ 158

114/150

Age (year)

71.31 ± 5.49

73.18 ± 4.27

0.269

Gender (male to female)

8:90

15:99

0.244

Tobacco use

13:85

22:92

0.238

BMI (kg/m²)

23.2 ± 3.6

23.8 ± 3.1

0.337

BMD (g/cm²)

0.54 ± 0.12

0.55 ± 0.10

0.361

Glucocorticoid users

65

0

< 0.01

Time to surgery (days)

20.95 ± 18.3

16.63 ± 14.1

0.266

Cement volume (mL)

6.20 ± 1.54

6.81 ± 2.05

0.073

ESR (mm/h)

35.82 ± 24.2

20.16 ± 13.9

< 0.01

CRP (mg/dL)

10.76 ± 11.3

8.97 ± 12.5

0.512

 Total cement leakage

43 (27.2%)

29 (19.3%)

0.102

 Paravertebral cement leakage

18 (11.4%)

14 (9.3%)

0.554

 Intradiscal cement leakage

20 (12.7%)

12 (8.0%)

0.181

 Intraspinal cement leakage

5 (3.16%)

3 (2.0%)

0.521

 Refracture

3 (1.9%)

2 (1.3%)

0.695

 Adjacent vertebral fracture

18 (11.4%)

5 (3.3%)

< 0.01