Table 3 Characteristics of PMFs associated with the distal third TSFs included in the systematic review
Author, year | Study design | Tibial fractures, N | Associated with PMF, N (%) | Detection method | Men, % | Mean age | Energy of injury | Rate of missed diagnosis of PMF (X-ray) | Geographic location of study | Surgical intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distal third TSFs (include spiral type) | ||||||||||
 van der Werken et al. [25] (1988) | R | 148 | 17 (11.5%) | X-ray | 58.8% | 37 (27–51) | LE | 47.1% | Netherlands | Surgical fixation only when displaced |
 Boraiah et al. [13] (2008) | R | 39 | 13 (33.3%) | X-ray | NR | NR | NR | 15.4% | USA | Surgical fixation when recognized |
P | 23 | 11 (47.8%) | X-ray+CT | NR | Surgical fixation when recognized | |||||
 Purnell et al. [3] (2011) | R | 67 | 23 (34.3%) | X-ray. + CT | 73.90% | 48 (18–68) | 70%LE | 34.8% | USA | 56.5% underwent surgical fixation |
 Boutin et al. [26] (2017) | R | 217 | 42 (19.4) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | NR | 62% | USA | NR |
 Hendrickx et al. [8] (2019) | R | 106 | 34 (32.1%) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | NR | NR | Australia | NR |
Distal third TSFs (except spiral type) | ||||||||||
 Sobol et al. [7] (2018) | R | 167 | 6 (3.6%) | X-ray | NR | NR | NR | NR | USA | NR |