Table 2 Characteristics of PMFs associated with the spiral TSFs included in the systematic review
Author, year | Study design | Tibial fractures, N | Associated with PMF, N (%) | Detection method | Men, % | Mean age | Energy of injury | Rate of missed diagnosis of PMF (X-ray) | Geographic location of study | Surgical intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spiral TSFs | ||||||||||
 Böstman [1] (1988) | R | 129 | 5 (3.9%) | X-ray | 40% | 38 (22–47) | LE | NR | Finland | Surgical fixation when recognized |
 Hou et al. [2] (2009) | R | 288 | 28 (9.7%) | X-ray | NR | NR | NR | 67.9% | China | 52.6% underwent surgical fixation |
P | 34 | 3 (8.8%) | X-ray | NR | NR | NR | 90% | 86.7% underwent surgical fixation | ||
| Â | Â | 26 (76.5%) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
| Â | Â | 30 (88.2%) | X-ray+CT + MRI | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
 Huang et al. [6] (2018) | R | 44 | 29 (65.9%) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | NR | NR | China | 48.3% underwent surgical fixation |
 Hendrickx et al. [8] (2019) | R | 48 | 27 (56%) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | NR | NR | Australia | NR |
Distal third spiral TSFs | ||||||||||
 Purnell et al. [3] (2011) | R | 27 | 22 (81.5%) | X-ray+CT | 72.80% | 48 (18–68) | 60%LE | 40% | USA | 50% underwent surgical fixation |
 Warner et al. [4] (2014) | P | 25 | 7 (28%) | X-ray | NR | NR | NR | 66.7% | USA | Surgical fixation when recognized |
| Â | Â | 14 (56%) | X-ray+CT | NR | ||||||
| Â | Â | 21 (84%) | X-ray+CT + MRI | NR | ||||||
 Chen et al. [5] (2018) | R | 28 | 10 (35.7%) | X-ray+CT | 70% | 51 (23–75) | LE | 70% | China | Surgical fixation when recognized |
 Sobol et al. [7] (2018) | R | 26 | 24 (92.3%) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | almost LE | 50% | USA | 95.8% underwent surgical fixation |
 Hendrickx et al. [8] (2019) | R | 46 | 27 (58.7%) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | NR | NR | Australia | NR |
Mid-distal spiral TSF | ||||||||||
 Mitchell et al. [9] (2019) | R | 122 | 59 (48.8%) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | NR | 39% | USA | 51% underwent surgical fixation |